PCSIR, Labs Lahore

Provide an overview of the types of chemical and microbial contamination of drinking water and their remedies

 Over two thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water  97.2% of which is contained in the five oceans.  only less than 2.7% of global water is freshwater.  Only less than 0.7% is available for human use.

Surface Waters 1. Rain Water 2. River Water 3. Lake Water 4. Sea water Underground Water 1. Spring 2. Well water

Over the last century Human population has increased 3 times Global water withdrawal has increased 7 times

 Glacieres--- hamalayan Mountains (Chenab,Indus, Jehlum)  Drinking water to Urban areas (Tehsil & District managemnt bodies—WASA & PHED)  Ruler areas ---river, canal, sub soil,pond, rainwater)

 Agriculture 93%  Industry 5%  Domestic 2%

 A person needs about 1 gallon water for hydration  Usage in Pakistan / person/day 6.0 gallon

 Over 1.1 billion people lack access to safe water supply, while 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation.  Water associated to infectious disease claim upto 3.2 million lives each year, approx. 6% all deaths globally.

 Rs. 14 billion is spent on the water borne disease (world Bank)  33 % death are due to typhoid, cholera, Diarrhea, dysentery, and hepatitis (UNICEF)  Pakistan rank 2 nd among 31 countries in annual diarrhea episode o f children (WHO)

 80% of all illness in developing countries is caused by water related diseases.  90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged directly into rivers and streams without treatment.  Poor health status of Pakistan----infant mortality rate 12.6%

Physical.  Suspended solid (SS), color, taste, smell, temp. Chemical.  Dissolved substances, alkalinity, hardness, fluoride, heavy metal, organic compound, nutrient (nitrogen & phosphorus), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD). Biology.  Bacteria, virus, protozoa, helminthes

Safe drinking water There is no pure water in nature, as it can contain up to 90 possible unacceptable contaminants  Free from pathogenic organisms  Clear  Not saline  Free from offensive taste or smell  Free from compounds that may have adverse effect on human health  Free from chemicals that cause corrosion of water supply systems

 Color may be due to the Presence of organic matter, metals (iron, manganese) or highly colored industrial waste  Desirable that drinking water be colorless  Taste & odor are mainly due to organic substances,,Biological activity, industrial pollution  Taste buds in the oral cavity specially detect inorganic compounds of metals like magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, iron and zinc  Water should be free from objectionable taste and odour.

 Pure water---colourless  Iron salts ---afetr oxidation ---ferric hydrooxide—red brown colour  Off flavour/off ordour -----decomposition of organic matter by non pathogenic bacteria  Sulphate --- sulphide by the action of reducing bacteria  Wells---proteolytic organisms

 Turbidity is caused by suspended matter  High level turbidity shield and protect bacteria from the action of disinfecting agents  Desirable pH limit  Beyond this limit the water will affect the mucous membrane and water supply system

Acidic Industries  Sugar - 5 – 6  Distillery  Electro-Plating unit  Pickle Basic Industries  Paper 8 – 10  Textile  Fertiliser  Oil Refineries

 Capacity of water for reducing and destroying the lather of soap  It is total concentration of calcium and magnesium ions  Temporary hardness – Bicarbonates of Calcium and Magnesium  Permanent hardness – Sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium and magnesium  Surface water is softer than ground water  Causes encrustations in water supply structures

 Capacity to neutralize acid  Presence of carbonates, bi-carbonates and hydroxide compounds of Ca, Mg, Na and K  Alkalinity = hardness, Ca and Mg salts  Alkalinity > hardness - presence of basic salts, Na, K along with Ca and Mg  Alkalinity < hardness – neutral salts of Ca & Mg present

 One of the earth’s most plentiful resource  High iron causes brown or yellow staining of laundry, household fixtures  Metallic taste, offensive odour, poor tasting coffee  Cause iron bacteria  Acceptable limit – 0.3 mg / l

 Dissolution of salt deposit  Discharge of effluents  Intrusion of sea water  Not harmful to human beings  Regarding irrigation – most troublesome anion  Acceptable limit mg/l

Increasing level of nitrate is due to  Agricultural fertilizers, manure,animal dung, nitrogenous material,sewage pollution  (blue baby diseases to infants)  Maximum permissible limit 45 mg / l

 Occurs naturally  Long term consumption above permissible level can cause – dental flurosis (molting of teeth) Skeletal flurosis Acceptable limit – 1 mg / l  Remedy – 1) Deflouridation 2) Mixing Fluride free wate 3) Intake of vitamin C,D, calcium,antioxidants

 Non degradable and are toxic to human health  Common heavy metals are Lead, Mercury, cadmium, arsenic  Produced by industrial activities and are slowly deposited in surrounding water and soil  Transported by food, water,air, absorption, adsorption on materials

Heavy MetalsHealth effects CadmiumLung, liver,kidney damage LeadLung, liver,kidney damage ArsenicLung, liver,kidney damage Mercury (inorganic)Lung, liver,kidney damage ZincSkin irritation Copper liver,kidney damage chromium

 Insecticides – kill insects  Herbicides – kill weeds  Fungicides – suppress or kill fungi Effects  Cancer  Birth defects  Blood disorder  Nervous disorder  Genetic damage

All Microbes Live in an Aqueous Environment AA

Water Systems  Types of water systems that serve as breeding grounds for potentially pathogenic species:  Surface Water  Ground Water  Pipes and storage tanks

Bacterial Water Quality in Pakistan  Waterborne pathogens are present in large numbers  Largely due to problems with inadequately maintained pipes, low pressure, poor hygiene standards and intermittent delivery, even municipal well water is unsafe

 E.coli  Salmonella typhimourium  Legionella neumpphili  Pseudomonos  Shigella  Vibrio cholera

WATER BORN VIRAL DISEASES VIRUS DISEASE HEPATITIS- AVIRAL HEPATITIS ROTA VIRUS INFANTILE DIARRHEA POLIO VIRUSPOLIO

Water Borne Diseases/Pathogens  Protozoa  Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dysentery  Giardia lamblia - intestinal disease  Cryptosporidium - intestinal disease

Purification on Large scale When sources of water are Rivers,Streams,Lakes etc. then water is Purified by  Storage  Sedimentation  Filtration (rapid sand & slow sand)  Disinfection (chlorination)

Purification on Medium Scale When sources of water are wells,Springs,Tanks etc.Then water is purified by the addition of  Bleaching powder/Chlorinated Lime as it is Cheep Easy to use Reliable and safe  Water filters( R.O, UV )

Purification on Small Scale(Domestic Methods)  BOILING: for 5-10 minutes kills almost all organisms & removes temporary Hardness  Bleaching Powder: 5% solution is used Dose: 3-6 drops/L contact time of ½ hour.  Chlorine Tablets/Halazone Tablets. one tablet/litre.  Iodine Solution: 02 drops of 2% Soln./litre  KMnO4: an amount that gives just pink coloration to the Water.  Alum: used for turbid water in a dose of grains/5 litres of Water. 

Purification of water in Emergency/Epidemic  Boiling: for 5-10 minutes.  High Test Hypo chlorite: used in granular form Dose: 01gm./10 litres of water.  Liquid Bleach/5% Sodium Hypo chlorite solution: Dose: 14 ml./1000 litres of water.  Bleaching Powder: used in a dose of 2.3gm./1000 litres of water.

DISINFECTION OF WATER CHEMICAL METHODS / GERMICIDES  CHLORINE: is used for purification of water on large scale  KMnO 4 : used for disinfection of water in wells especially during epidemics  CuSO 4 /CaCl 2 : used for the removal of algae  Lime: used for muddy water  Ozonization & U.V. irradiation: both methods are used for disinfection of water in swimming pools  Silver: sand coated with silver used in slow sand filters instead of plain sand  Charcoal: used as adsorbent to remove color,odor & taste

Properties of Chlorine  Killing of pathogenic bacteria by inhibiting their protein synthesis.  Oxidizes Iron, Manganese & Hydrogen Sulphide.  Destroys taste & odor producing constituents.  It controls algae growth.  It helps in coagulation and suspension of the organic matter.  Efficiency of chlorine increases, when it combines with Ammonia  It decreases, when it combines with Sulphides, Ferrous salts & inert matter in suspension form

Advantages  Effective and Economical  Stable and does not deteriorate on storage  No impurities such as salts are introduced.  Can be used at high as well as low temp. Disadvantage  THM(Trihalomethanes) are carcinogenic  Choroamine disinfection reduce THMs production due to preferential reaction of chlorine with ammonia

Sr. # Parameter (A.P.H.A., 2005)PS: (R) WHO Limits pH at 25 o C6.5 – 8.5 2Total Alkalinity as CaCO 3 (meq/L) Carbonates (mg/L) 4Bicarbonates (mg/L) 5Total Hardness as CaCO 3 (mg/L) Calcium Hardness as CaCO 3 (mg/L) --- 7Magnesium Hardness as CaCO 3 (mg/L) --- 8Total suspended solids (mg/L)Nil 9Total dissolved solids (mg/L) Calcium as Ca 2+ (mg/L) Magnesium as Mg 2+ (mg/L)50

Sr. # Parameter (A.P.H.A., 2005) PS: (R) WHO Limits Potassium as K Sodium as Na Chloride as Cl Sulphate as SO Conductivity at 25 o C (µS/cm) Nitrate as NO 3 - (mg/L) Nitrite NO 2 - (mg/L) Fluoride F - (mg/L) Arsenic (µg/L) Iron (mg/L)0.3 22Manganese (mg/L) Zinc (mg/L)3.0

 Drinking Water  No coliforms contamination acceptable  Recreational water  200 fecal coliforms /100 ml  Fish and wildlife habitat  5000 fecal coliforms/100 ml  Shellfish  14 fecal coliforms/100 ml

 Microbiology  Heavy Metals  Physical Testing  Pesticide residue

SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY TESTING LAB. AT LLC Water/Drinks testing (APHA)  Enumeration of Heterotrophic Plate Count  Enumeration of Total Coliforms  Enumeration of Fecal coliforms  Enumeration of E.coli  Enumeration of Pseudomonas spp.

INSTRUMENTS  Ion Chromatogram  HPLC  ELISA  PCR  Atomic absorption  GC  ICP  Spectrophotometer  Flame photometer  LCMS

 Fertilize your garden and yard plants with manure or compost instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer.  Minimize your use of pesticides.  Never apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of water.  Grow or buy organic foods.  Compost your food wastes.  Do not use water fresheners in toilets.  Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet.  Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto the ground.

 Prevent groundwater contamination  Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff  Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation  Find substitutes for toxic pollutants  Work with nature to treat sewage  Practice four R's of resource use (refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse)  Reduce resource waste  Reduce air pollution  Reduce poverty  Reduce birth rates

 Establishment ground water regulatory framework.  Proper disposal& sanitary inspection of waste water  Mapping of ground water quality  Monitoring of water quality at District level  Up gradation of analytical labs.& equipments  Strengthening of R&D institutions to develop appropriate water purification techniques.