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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Late 1600s – treatment was advocated 19 th c. – Most common recommendation was for institutionalization Early 20 th c. – Attention to war veterans brought about laws to assist individuals National organizations developed – Easter Seals and the March of Dimes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Irving Independent School District v. Tatro, 468 U.S. 883 (1984) Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garrett F., 19 S. Ct. 992 (1992)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Chronic – e.g., cerebral palsy Acute – e.g., childhood cancers Progressive – e.g., muscular dystrophy Episodic – e.g., epilepsy Congenital – present at birth Acquired – occurs after birth
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities a severe … impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes impairments caused by congenital anomaly, impairments caused by disease, and impairments from other causes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Monoplegia – only one limb is affected Hemiplegia – one side of the body is affected Paraplegia – only legs are affected Tetraplegia (formerly called quadriplegia) – involves all limbs and trunk of the body Diplegia – both legs or both arms are affected
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Types of Paralysis
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Cerebral palsy – “paralysis of the brain.” disability in muscle control, posture, and movement
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities spastic, athetoid, ataxic, mixed
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Spina bifida – bones of the spinal column are not closed Hydrocephalus – cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Spinal cord injury – break, severe bruise, or other damage to spinal cord that affects motor and sensory functions.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Duchenne muscular dystrophy – deterioration of muscles
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis – inflammation (redness, swelling, and soreness) of the joints – autoimmune disorder
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities …an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Closed head injury – no physical injury to the skull Open head injury – skull is fractured and membrane surrounding the brain is penetrated
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Cognitive skills Processing ability Language Academic achievement Emotions Behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Car/motorcycle accidents Falls from bicycles Playground accidents Shaken baby syndrome
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities …having limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that… adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Asthma – lung disease that causes episodes of extreme difficulty in breathing. Triggers in environment cause airways to swell and produce mucus
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Epilepsy (seizure disorder) Partial seizure – electrical charge affects only part of the brain; involuntary twitching of muscles or rapid eye blinks Generalized 1)tonic-clonic – person stiffens, loses consciousness, falls, and arms and legs contract 2)absence (ab-sawnce) seizures – lasts up to 30 seconds; mistaken for daydreaming.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Cancer – uncontrolled division of abnormal cells 1)Leukemia (white blood cell cancer) 2)Brain tumor
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Caused by hemoglobin S that reduces O 2 About 9% affected in U.S. HHomozygous recessive (ss) Heterozygous: (Ss) “carriers” CCan transmit gene to offspring
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Type I Diabetes (juvenile) – body cannot break down sugars and store them due to a lack of insulin (hormone and protein)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Cognitive and academic – varies widely Behavior, Emotional, and Social – Behavior problems may be present Student may have low self-esteem May need help relating to peers Physical and medical – teachers must learn about each student’s challenges and needs
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Medical condition and physical functioning Intellectual functioning Academic achievement, language, and related areas Behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Infants/toddlers – services at home Preschoolers – in-home, center-based, or preschool programs Services focus on family relationships as well as treatment for the child Early interventionists help family locate and access needed resources
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities In general education classrooms: About 50% of students with physical disabilities and health impairments Less than 33% of students with traumatic brain injury Many students receive services in special education classrooms, residential facilities, at home, or in hospitals
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Public School Placements for Students with Physical and Health Disabilities: Time Spent Outside General Education (in percentages)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Postsecondary education Transportation Living arrangements Career choices Agency supports
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities Access to education Aids for posture and mobility Aids for communication Aids for learning Related services Factors related to disability School re-entry Responding to emergencies
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 13: Students with Physical and Health Disabilities How prepared are teachers to work with students with physical and health disabilities? How available is technology to students in rural areas or those who are poor?