1 Great American Woodstove Changeout Campaign National Weatherization Training Conference December 10, 2007 “Real energy efficiency improvements and air emission reductions for real people” Larry Brockman, U.S. EPA ,

2 Presentation Purpose Raise awareness about EPA’s Woodstove Changeout Campaign Share why EPA cares about wood smoke Increase awareness about new solid fuel technologies Outline funding opportunities (e.g., environmental enforcement settlement agreements) Begin dialogue for possible partnership

3 What is a Woodstove Changeout Campaign? A voluntary, incentive-based (cash rebates) effort to encourage owners of old, inefficient woodstoves to replace or “changeout” their stove with a cleaner burning hearth appliance, like : Gas stoves Wood pellet or corn stoves EPA-Certified wood stoves Draft logo

4 What’s in Wood Smoke? “Ah, the sweet smell of wood smoke” - but what makes it so sweet? CO Benzene Toluene Aldehyde gases Polycyclic organic matter Dioxin Particle matter (PM2.5)

5 Wood Smoke – Why We Care - Emitted where we live - Poor dispersion

6 Residential Wood Smoke - Why Do We Care? Fine particle pollution (PM 2.5 ) - ~6 % (430,000 tons) of total PM 2.5 ~80% from woodstoves More than all of the: US petroleum refineries Cement manufactures Pulp and paper plants combined.

Particulate Matter: What is It? A complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets

8 Smaller, inhalable particles (≤ PM 10 ) penetrate deep into the lungs Particulate Matter Model of interior human lung

9 Who’s affected? Everyone, especially children and the elderly People with existing diseases such as: Coronary artery disease Heart failure Asthma Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

10 Fine Particle (PM2.5) Nonattainment Areas (Areas not meeting the national standard)

11 Areas/Sites Violating 24-Hour PM2.5 National Standard:

12 Residential Wood Smoke Why else does EPA care? Energy Efficiency/Renewable Newer stoves are ~50% more efficient, use 1/3 less wood Fire Safety Creosote build-up in chimney from old stoves is faster Indoor Air Quality Old wood stoves are often improperly installed and poorly sealed Improper ventilation of woodstoves and fireplaces

/2007 Residential PM 2.5 Indoor Air Quality Sampling Findings from University of Montana Sampling focused on 21 woodstove homes that were changed out during the winter of 2006/2007. (5 were eliminated from study for various reasons) 24-hour fine particle matter (PM2.5) sampling Pre-changeout average PM2.5 concentrations within 21 homes: 53.4 μg/m3. (35ug/m3 is health based standard) Post-changeout average PM2.5 concentrations within 16 homes: 15.0 μg/m3. Average reduction in indoor PM2.5 as a result of woodstove changeout within 16 homes: 72%

14 Slide from Wood Heat Organization Inc Old “Conventional” Woodstoves (built before 1990)

15 Advanced Woodstoves (EPA Certified – built after 1990) Slide from Wood Heat Organization Inc

Example of EPA Certified Stove Label

17 Woodstove Fireplace Inserts Can transform a conventional fireplace into an efficient heating system.

18 Two types of advanced combustion: 1. Catalytic uses catalyst to clean up exhaust 2. Non-catalytic advanced most common

19 Inside a catalytic wood stove Smoke passes through a catalytic honeycomb that lowers smoke ignition temperature

Inside a ‘non-cat’ wood stove 1. Firebox insulation 2. A large baffle 3. Preheated combustion air

21 Wood Pellet Stoves A cleaner burning option Pellets are made from sawdust that is ground, dried and compressed Can operate up to 24 hours unattended Many pellet stoves burn corn too.

Conventional Fireplaces Not efficient and are not suitable for home heating They are also a source of air pollution

High efficiency fireplaces Advanced technology fireplaces have the same combustion features as advanced wood stoves

24 Central Heating Most wood furnaces are not clean burning and efficient

25 A cleaner wood burning furnace Meets EPA emissions standards for woodstoves

26 Woodstove Changeouts: The Opportunity… 10 million stoves in use, 7.5 million old stoves Cleaner burning, more efficient technologies available Old New

27 Woodstove Changeout The Challenge… Replacement with new “cleaner” alternatives is relatively expensive ~$1500 – $3000 per stove (including installation) Low income households can’t afford new stoves Old woodstoves last years, (7.5 million)

28 Ideas for Sources of Funding Supplemental Environmental Projects Foundations Big Businesses Demonstration Grants Rebates/Discounts Federal/State/Local/Tribal HUD, BIA, DOE

29 Supplemental Environmental Project (SEP) Agreement What is a SEP Agreement? An agreement with an alleged violator to undertake an environmentally beneficial project related to the violation in exchange for mitigation of the penalty to be paid. e.g., instead paying the U.S. Treasury $200,000, the $ goes to a local project

30 Supplemental Environmental Project ( SEP) Environmentally beneficial projects Must have connection to violation Generally in the same geographic area Is up to defendant to choose do SEP and the type of project Defendant must be able to prove the project was implemented

31 Progress to date – Supplemental Environmental Projects Enforcement agreements negotiated to pay for clean stoves: Total ~ $725K Red = Worked with CAP 3 in Wash. State: Bellingham ~$200K, Spokane $25K 2 in Ohio: Dayton ~$75K, Marietta ~245K 1 in VA: Christiansburg ~$45K 1 in NM: Questa ~$100K

32 Partnership progress to date Over 25 communities implementing wood stove changeouts Partners have invested $6M 8 Supplemental Environmental Projects Over 3000 stoves and fireplaces changed out More than 130 tons of PM 2.5 reduced/yr

33 Woodstove Changeouts Are Happening! Recently completed or implementing CA - Sacramento CA - Yolo-Solano CA - Butte County CO - Delta County ID - Pinehurst ID – Cache Valley ID – Nez Perce Tribe MT - Libby NM - Questa NV - Washoe Co. OH - Dayton area OH - Marietta OR - Oakridge PA – Southwest counties VA – Christiansburg WA – Darrington WA – Ferry County WA - Yakima WA - Bellingham WA – Marysville WA - Tacoma WA – Spokane WA – Stevens County WA – Swinomish Tribe WI – Oneida Nation WV - Parkersburg

34 Woodstove Changeout Campaign - Summary EPA believes this effort: Is potentially a very effective tool for addressing air pollution at the community/tribal level; Provides other important benefits (e.g., energy efficiency); Is doable, but financial incentives are by far the biggest challenge; Has willing partners; Questions/comments?

35 Outdoor wood boilers Their large, simple fireboxes make clean burning difficult.

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