Emperors were ceremonial Tokugawa Japan Emperors were ceremonial 1603, Tokugawa family seized power Shoguns ruled Supreme military dictators Discontent simmered throughout

Emperor Meiji, as inspiration for Japan’s efforts to modernize 1853, USA sends naval force to Japan to open up its ports for trade Saw strength of US military Japanese had 215 year old policy of isolationism “May our country, taking what is good, and rejecting what is bad, be not inferior to any other.” Emperor Meiji, as inspiration for Japan’s efforts to modernize

Meiji = Enlightened rule Meiji Restoration 1869-1912 Japanese humiliated by unequal treaties Criticized shogun for not taking strong stand against foreigners Social & economic unrest 1867, daimyo & samurai led a revolt Unseated the shogun “Restored” 15 year old emperor to power Meiji = Enlightened rule

Meiji Restoration Turning point in Japanese history “A rich country, a strong military.” Studied Western ways, adapted them to Japanese needs, thereby kept Japan from giving in to Western demands Adapted German style of government Adapted western technology and ended privilege of samurai Before only samurai could be warriors, now military service was for all men Industrialization, made economy a priority Strong military power

Japan’s growing military strength Economic needs feed imperial desires Lacked basic resources needed for industrial growth Sought to build an empire 1894 First Sino-Japanese War Japan won easily Russo-Japanese War Japan destroyed Russia’s fleet 1910, annexed Korea Early 1900s, Japan was strongest power in Asia

Imperialism in SE Asia & the Pacific Europeans colonized 1886, Britain annexed Burma Dutch East Indies, early 1600s French Christian missionaries moved into Vietnam Vietnamese officials killed them to suppress Christianity French invade, 1858 1890’s, Europeans controlled most of SE Asia. Introduced modern technology & industry. These changes benefited European colonizers far more than SE Asians

USA & Philippines 1500s Spain seized the Philippines, by 1800’s the Filipinos accused Catholic church of abusing its position & resisted Spanish rule Spanish-American War, 1898 Fought over Cuba’s independence from Spain, America destroyed Spanish fleet station in Philippines Encouraged by Americans, Filipinos declared independence BUT US made deal with Spain, $20 million for control of the Philippines

1959, Hawaii became the 50th state Mid 1800s, American sugar growers pressed for power in Hawaiian islands Queen Liliuokalani resisted, & Americans 1898, USA annexed Hawaii 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state

Section 3, Canada, Australia, & New Zealand Constitution of 1791, English speaking Upper Canada (now Ontario) & French speaking Lower Canada (now Quebec) In 1800s, unrest grew in both British learned from American revolution, hurried to put down disorder British North American Act of 1867, created dominion of Canada, a self governing nation Maintained close ties with Britain Canada grew, immigration & westward expansion, like USA, destroyed way of life for Native Americans

Australia 1600’s Dutch first to reach Australia 1770, Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain British made Australia a penal colony 1901, British helped colonies unite into the independent Commonwealth of Australia, recognized British monarch as head of state. Australian constitution drew from British & American But, quickly gave women right to vote

Kept close ties with British New Zealand 1769, Captain Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain Christian missionaries came in 1814 to convert indigenous people, Maori Maori were set farmers, determined to defend their land. Many died during the resistance (also disease, alcoholism, & misfortunes that follow European colonization). 1907, settlers won independence Kept close ties with British

Section 4, Latin America Democracy failed to take root in most of newly independent nations of Latin America in the 1800s Simon Bolivar hoped to create strong unified nation but feuds among leaders, geographic boundaries, & local nationalism resulted in 20 separate Nations They wrote constitutions modeled after US but democracy failed 1800s filled with revolts, civil wars, & dictatorships

Conservatives Liberals Like Europe, ruling elite divided between liberals & conservatives Conservatives Liberals Defended traditional social order Favored press censorship Supported Catholic church Backed Laissez-faire economics Religious toleration Greater access to education Freedom of the press

Mexico Large landowners, army leaders, & the Catholic Church dominated Mexican politics 1855, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (an ambitious caudillo), gained & lost power many times Santa Anna’s forces lost Texas, 1845 USA annexed it, Mexicans saw this as an act of war Mexican-American War1846-1848 American victory, Ended in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico lost half of its territory Embarrassing defeat triggered violence between conservatives & liberals

Mexico 1855, Benito Juarez (a liberal reformer) started La Reforma Offered hope to oppressed people of Mexico Revised the constitution, stripped military of its power & ended special privileges of the church Conservatives resisted & started a civil war Juarez elected president Napoleon III sent help but withdrew 4 years later Juarez never achieved all of the reforms he envisioned, but he did help unite Mexico

Mexico After Juarez died, General Porfirio Diaz (war hero against French) staged a military coup & gained power Ruled from 1876-1880 & 1884-1911 as a dictator Strengthened army, police, & central government Some industrialization The rich prospered but many Mexicans remained poor

Economics of Dependence Under colonial rule, Latin America was economically dependent on Spain and Portugal Colonies sent raw materials to parent country and had to buy manufactures goods from them Strict laws kept colonists from trading with other countries (even if they were cheaper) Law prohibited building local industries that would have competed with parent country Prevented the colonies from developing their own economies Independence didn’t change much Free trade led to depending on US & Britain instead

Influence of the United States Latin American nations were threatened by the “Colossus of the North” The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 “The American continents, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” Discouraged European interference 1900s, American investments in Latin America grew 1904, Roosevelt Corollary The United States claimed “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere to protect its investments

Added to anti-Americanism Panama Canal US wanted to build a canal across Central America in Panama which belonged to Columbia at the time. Colombia refused to sell to the US so in 1903, US backed Panamanians in a revolt against Columbia Opened 1914 Yankee Imperialism Added to anti-Americanism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoQ7RHyG-EA