THE CIVIL WAR – The War on the Battlefield

Modern War vs. Civil War Modern WarCivil War Long-range Guns Smart Bombs Computer Aided Lines of Hundreds of Men Facing Each Other Separated Only by 1,000 Yards or Less 2 – 3 Men Deep Front Line Fired at Opposing Troops While Lines Behind Them Reloaded Cannons Muskets Firing

3 FIRST MAJOR BATTLE OF THE CIVIL WAR, MANASSAS (South)/BULL RUN (North) JULY 21, 1861 ALTHOUGH MANY BELIEVED THE UNION TROOPS WERE NOT READY, THE FIRST BATTLE TOOK PLACE 30 MILES SOUTH OF WASHINGTON D.C. THE CONFEDERATE ARMY WON THIS BATTLE AND BOTH SIDES REALIZED THE WAR WOULD BE A LONG HARD STRUGGLE.

Georgia’s 21 st Regiment Lost 184 of its 242 Men (76%)

5 ANTIETAM BATTLE MAP CONFEDERATE GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE PLANNED TO INVADE THE NORTH THROUGH MARYLAND FOR SUPPLIES. A MAP WAS FOUND BY THE UNION ARMY THAT DETAILED THE LOCATION OF THE CONFEDERATE FORCES. UNION GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN PLANNED AN ATTACK FOR SEPTEMBER FOR TWO DAYS 60,000 UNION TROOPS ATTACKED 30,000 CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS. BOTH SIDES LOST MORE THAN 50% WHICH MADE THIS THE BLOODIEST BATTLE OF THE ENTIRE CIVIL WAR. THE CONFEDERATES WERE FORCED TO RETREAT WHICH RESULTED IN THE UNION VICTORY.

6 LINCOLN VISITED GENERAL McCLELLAN AFTER THE BATTLE AT ANTIETAM, 1862 THIS WAS AN IMPORTANT VICTORY FOR THE NORTH BECAUSE THE SOUTH HAD BEEN ON THE VERGE OF FOREIGN AID WHICH MIGHT HAVE LED TO A CONFEDERATE VICTORY. LINCOLN ISSUED THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION SHORTLY AFTER THIS BATTLE.

Freeing of the Slaves On September 22, 1862, 5 days after the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation (a document which affected 4 million slaves in the United States).

Lincoln Warned Lincoln warned the Confederate states to end the war, return to the Union, and end 244 years of slavery. Lincoln stated that unless the South surrendered by January 1, 1863, “all slaves in states or districts in rebellion against the US will be thenceforth and forever free.”

South Faced a Choice If surrender, slavery would continue in the South Choice #1 If did NOT surrender, the institution of slavery would end. Choice #2

The Confederates Chose to Continue Fighting...

War in Georgia 100 Civil War Battles & Skirmishes in Georgia 92 of those Battles Were Part of Sherman’s March to the Sea

Tybee Island & Fort Pulaski Attacked Fort Pulaski Tybee Island

Battle of Chickamauga Railroad line – just over the Georgia line near Chattanooga, Tennessee Confederates defeated Union and forced them back into Tennessee.

Battle of Atlanta UNIONCONFEDERATES General William T. Sherman 112,000 Men Began a campaign toward Atlanta through Dalton, Resaca, Allatoona, Kennesaw Mountain, New Hope Church Took Over Railroads & Factories Evacuated City & Burned Atlanta General Joseph E. Johnston 60,000 men Because of shortage of ammunition & men retreated south Jefferson Davis disagreed with General Johnston’s strategies...He thought Sherman should be attacked head on... Replaced Johnston with General John Bell Hood Hood led his troops in an attack on Sherman and lost 11,000 men in 2 days. Battle moved to Atlanta.

Confederate Battles = Named after nearby towns or villages Union Battles = Named after nearby creeks, mountains, or other geographical features.

Sherman’s March to the Sea Atlanta to Savannah Destroyed: military targets, civilian economic system, farms, homes, towns, railroads, bridges, roads Took 2 Months Estimated Damage = $100 Million

UNION GENERAL SHERMAN LED 62,000 SOLDIERS 285 MILES ACROSS GEORGIA TO CAPTURE SAVANNAH, THE MAJOR SEAPORT IN THE STATE. ALONG THE WAY, SOLDIERS BURNED AND LOOTED TO ERADICATE ALL FOOD AND SUPPLIES. THE CAMPAIGN LASTED FIVE WEEKS FROM NOVEMBER- DECEMBER THE UNION VICTORY WAS A MAJOR TURNING POINT IN THE WAR, ENDING ANY CHANCE OF A CONFEDERATE VICTORY.

Sherman said... “If the people of Georgia raise a howl against my barbarity and cruelty, I will answer that war is war and not popularity seeking.”

Sherman’s Message to President Lincoln On December 22, 1864, Sherman sent a message to President Lincoln, “I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah with 150 heavy guns, plenty of ammunition, also about 25,000 bales of cotton.”

Sherman Took Savannah the Next Day

22 VICKSBURG JULY 1863: THIS BATTLE SPLIT THE SOUTH IN HALF

23 UNION MAJOR GENERAL GRANT WANTED TO CAPTURE VICKSBURG AS IT WAS LOCATED ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND WAS A MAJOR SUPPLY ROUTE FOR THE SOUTH. FROM THE WINTER OF 1862 THROUGH THE SUMMER OF 1863, THE UNION ARMY ATTACKED; AND, AFTER MANY CASUALTIES, ULTIMATELY MADE THE CONFEDERATE ARMY SURRENDER ON JULY 4, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI

24 GETTYSBURG, JULY 1863 THE CONFEDERATE ARMY TRIED TO INVADE THE NORTH AGAIN THIS TIME IN PENNSYLVANIA. THE TWO ARMIES MET IN THE SMALL TOWN OF GETTYSBURG. DURING EARLY JULY, OVER THE COURSE OF THREE DAYS, THE CONFEDERATE ARMY TRIED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO FORCE THE UNION ARMY TO RETREAT. THE CONFEDERATE ARMY LOST 28,000 MEN.

25 GETTYSBURG BEFORE AND AFTER THE BATTLE

26 LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS LINCOLN TRAVELED TO GETTYSBURG TO DEDICATE THE CEMETERY AND COMMEMORATE THE VICTORY. HE GAVE HIS FAMOUS SPEECH ABOUT SACRIFICE SO THAT LIBERTY WOULD EXIST FOR ALL. FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH, UPON THIS CONTINENT, A NEW NATION, CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED TO THE PROPOSITION THAT “ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL” DRAFT OF LINCOLN’S SPEECH

Final Battles of the War On January 13, 1865, the North captured Fort Fisher in North Carolina and closed the last Confederate blockade-running port.

28 BATTLE MAP OF GRANT’S FINAL CAMPAIGN FOR RICHMOND, VIRGINIA IN THE SPRING OF 1865, GRANT OVERWHELMED GENERAL LEE AT PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA AND THEN SEIZED RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, THE CONFEDERATE CAPITAL. THE LEADERS OF THE CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT FLED AND LEE TRIED TO ESCAPE TO THE WEST. HOWEVER HE WAS TRAPPED NEAR THE APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE IN VIRGINIA.

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA AFTER THE BATTLE GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT

ROBERT E. LEE SURRENDERED AT THE Mc LEAN HOUSE IN APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE ON APRIL 9, THIS ENDED THE CIVIL WAR WITH A UNION VICTORY. THE Mc LEAN HOUSE LEE SURRENDERED TO GRANT

South  General Robert E. Lee  Asked to Meet with Grant to Talk about Ending the War  Jefferson Davis was Captured near Irwinville, GA  April9, 1865 – General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia North  General Ulysses S. Grant  Twice the Size of the South’s Army  President Lincoln Refused Unless South Surrendered

Major Battles of the War Most Fought on Southern Soil Sites of MOST Battles #1 = Virginia #2 = Tennessee #3 = Georgia

Civil War Prisons North  Point Lookout, Maryland  Camp Douglas, Illinois  Elmira, New York  Conditions Were Equally Poor  26,000 Confederate Prisoners Died South  Andersonville, Georgia  Dirty  Shanties  Not Enough Food, Water, or Medical Supplies  Water Contaminated  Overcrowded  13,000 Union Prisoners Died Neither the North nor the South had foreseen the problems that would be caused by large numbers of prisoners over a prolonged war period.

Andersonville

Final Note about the War 620,000 Soldiers Died 1/3 Died from the War Others Died From: disease wounds hardships of military prisons Total Cost = Exceeded $15 Billion

WHILE THE SOUTH WAS DEVASTATED AND IN RUINS, THE NORTH WILL EXPERIENCE ECONOMIC GROWTH!