Chapter 13: Leadership Learning Objectives Explain the major topics of interest among leadership researchers. Describe the major theoretical approaches to the study of leadership: trait, behavioral, power and influence, transformational and charismatic leadership, implicit leadership, and substitutes for leadership. Understand the points of convergence among the leadership approaches. Understand cross-cultural leadership issues. Understand the concept of entrepreneurship. Understand diversity issues in leadership. 1

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Chapter Summary Leadership is a topic that has intrigued humankind since antiquity. Leadership has been examined from many perspectives, including power, characteristics of the leader, characteristics of the led, and shared influence. The trait approach to leadership posits that effective leaders possess certain personality attributes that make them effective. The behavioral approach to leadership posits that leadership is a learned skill and that demonstrating key behaviors is the basis of effective leadership. Power and influence theories of leadership assert that leadership is a process that stems from the shared relationship between parties, and leadership is associated with effectively managing that relationship. Transformational and charismatic leadership theories assert that effective leaders offer their followers visions of a better life, are charming and engaging, and are regarded by their followers as heroes. 3

Chapter Summary (continued) Implicit leadership theory asserts that the concept of leadership exists primarily in the minds of followers. As such, “leadership” is not so much real as implied by a set of actions that are taken or decisions that are made. It is proposed that people are comforted by the idea of having powerful leaders who will protect and help them, thus legitimating their existence. The concept of substitutes for leadership is that the functions provided by leadership need not be vested in a person. Characteristics of the work can substitute for the need to have a leader. Entrepreneurship represents a context in which leadership can be examined as a means of creating new jobs through innovation. There are vast cross-cultural differences in what people want from their leaders and what styles of leadership are acceptable. 4