 Research Project Check-In  Peer Editing  A New Era: 1920s Notes – New Culture  Homework: Final Paper due Friday!

 Americans divided Debate over League of Nations  Progressive changes  Economic unrest Unemployment Cost of living doubled  Nativism  Isolationism

 Business Doctrine Business takes the lead in developing the economy

 The President of Warren Harding Appointed abled cabinet members to compensate for his deficits Domestic policy ○ Approved acts passed by Republican Congress Income tax reduction Increase in tariff rates - Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act Established Bureau of the Budget Scandals and death ○ Appointed incompetent and dishonest men ○ Teapot Dome Scandal ○ Harding died before being implicated

 Presidency of Calvin Coolidge “The business of America is business” Election of 1924 ○ Republicans: Coolidge ○ Democrats: Davis ○ Progressives: La Follette Vetoes and inaction ○ Limited government that stood aside while business conducted its own affairs ○ Cut spending Vetoed Republican majority in Congress

 Hoover, Smith, and the Election of 1928 Republicans nominate Hoover ○ Promised to extend “Coolidge Prosperity” Poverty eliminated once and for all Democrats nominate Smith ○ Catholic

 Economics of the 1920s Brief postwar recession (1921) Lengthy period of business prosperity (1922 – 1928) Economic disaster (1929)  Causes of Business Prosperity Increased productivity Energy technologies Government policy

 Farm Problems Peak was during wartime Growing surpluses produced falling prices  Labor problems Decreased labor participation ○ Open Shops ○ Welfare Capitalism Striking was typically unsuccessful

 The Jazz Age Became the symbol of “new” and “modern” culture Perpetuated by phonographs and radios ○ Mainly followed by youth

 Consumerism Electricity enabled millions to purchase customer appliances ○ Advertising expanded businesses Automobiles ○ Changed the pattern of American life

Entertainment ○ Radio ○ Movie Industry Popular heroes ○ New “Celebrities” Sports heroes Movie heroes Innovators

 Gender Roles Women at home Women in the labor force Revolution in morals ○ Sigmund Freud ○ Margaret Sanger Fashion ○ Flappers ○ Bobbed hair

“No woman can call herself free who does not control her own body.”

 Family Traditional gender roles Divorce ○ 1/8 marriages end in divorce in 1920 ○ 1/6 marriages end in divorce in 1930

 Education Direct correlation with economic prosperity  Religion Modernism Fundamentalism Revivalists on the Radio

 The Literature of Alienation “Lost Generation”  Art Functionalism  form follows function

 Harlem Renaissance Poets ○ Expressed range of emotion consistent with the time Musicians ○ Duke Ellington ○ Louis Armstrong ○ Bessie Smith ○ Paul Robeson Marcus Garvey ○ United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) ○ “New Negro”

Duke Ellington Louis Armstrong Bessie Smith Paul Robeson

 Scopes Trial Dayton, TN American Civil Liberties Union ○ John Scopes Convicted but overturned on a technicality

 Prohibition 18 th Amendment ratified in 1919 ○ Volstead Act 1919 Did not stop people from drinking ○ Rise in organized crime Bootlegging 21 st Amendment repealed Prohibition in 1933

 Nativism Immigration increased postwar Quota laws ○ 3 laws passed to prevent immigration Case of Sacco and Vanzetti ○ Italian immigrant anarchist arrested for robbery and murder ○ Executed in 1927

 Ku Klux Klan 5 million members by 1925 Tactics ○ Burned crosses ○ Tar and feathers ○ Hangings Some states had political representation ○ Texas ○ Indiana Decline ○ Indiana’s leader was convicted of murder in 1925 Membership declined ○ Remained in prominence until 1960

 U.S. was not total isolationist Actively pursued arrangements in foreign affairs that would advance American interest while also maintaining world peace

 Disarmament and Peace Washington Conference ○ Talks on naval disarmament resulted in three agreements Five-Power Treaty Four-Power Treaty Nine-Power Treaty Kellogg-Briand Pact ○ Signed by almost all nations ○ Renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends Proved ineffective

 Business and Diplomacy Republican called for pro-business policies to ensure prosperity Latin America ○ Negotiated mineral and oil resources in Mexico ○ American investments in Latin America doubled between 1919 and 1929 Middle East ○ Negotiated oil drilling rights Tariffs ○ Fordney-McCumber Tariff increased the duties on foreign manufactured goods by 25% Good for U.S. business, bad for global economy

 War Debts and Reparations Dawes Plan ○ Established a cycle of payments U.S.  Germany Germany  Allies Allies  U.S. Legacy ○ Finland was the only country to repay war debts ○ Many saw U.S. as greedy Promoted isolationist feel