Ch. 2 (Sec. 2) Ancient Egypt

I. Nile River “Giver of Life” “Gift of the Nile” A. 4,160 miles long * longest river in world

Hymn To The Nile “If the Nile smiles the earth is joyous, every stomach is rejoicing.”

B. Neolithic people settle Nile Valley 6000 years ago C. Natural Barriers * protected from invasion Libyan Desert Red Sea Nubian Desert Med. Sea Cataracts *rapids

D. Sinai Peninsula connects Egypt & Western Asia

E. Kemet Black Land (black soil) name given to Ancient Egypt Egypt “House of the Spirit” (Aegyptus) *Greeks gave Egypt it’s name

II. 2 Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt A. Upper Egypt Land upstream to south Cobra *symbol * White Crown B. Lower Egypt closest to Med. Sea Vulture *symbol *Red Crown

C. Menes 3100 BC *1st Pharaoh of Egypt united 2 kingdoms 1. Pharaoh Great House son of Amon-Re *Sun God

2. Memphis *1 st capital city “City of White Walls”

3. Dynasty family of rulers passing of crown based on heredity 30 Egyptian Dynasties

4. Vizier “steward of the whole land” chief administrator & judge

5. Nomes 42 Egyptian provinces

III. Periods of Ancient Egyptian History A. Old Kingdom 2700 BC BC 1. Pyramid Age *greatest period of Egyptian History 90 Pyramids still stand

2. Step Pyramid at Sakkara 2650 BC *world’s oldest building Pharaoh Zoser (or Djoser) “The Most Sacred One”

Imhotep *architect Step Pyramid

3. Great Pyramid at Giza Pharaoh Khufu 2450 BC 2,300,000 stone blocks / 5,000 lbs. each 481 ft. high covers 13 acres

Stone Sarcophagus Great Pyramid

4. Sphinx “Guardian of Sacred Places” lions body & human head Pharaoh Khafre *face on Sphinx?

B. Middle Kingdom 2050 BC BC Golden Age 1. Mummification for lower classes

2. Canal links Nile & Red Sea

3. Thebes “City of a 1,000 Gates” *2 nd capital city

4. Hyksos Princes of the Desert *1 st invasion of Egypt 1652 BC crossed Sinai Peninsula Horses & War Chariots

5. Tale of Sinhue basis for: Sinbad the Sailor

C. New Kingdom 1570 BC BC Empire Age 1. Queen Hatshepsut “Queen Pharaoh” 1473 BC – 1458 BC *1st female ruler in history wore ceremonial beard

2. Thutmose III “Napoleon of Egypt” empire reaches its greatest size conquers Syria & Persia

Obelisks “symbol of the sun” pointed stone pillars

3. Amenhotep IV “The Heretic” BC religious revolution Polytheism to Monotheism many gods one god Aton provider of entire world (new god) sun disc *symbol Akenaton It goes well with Aton Amenhotep changed his name to this

Amenhotep

4. Queen Nefertiti “The beautiful one that has come” wife of Amenhotep IV restored polytheism?

5. King Tutankhamen BC King Tut / Boy King died at age 18 Howard Carter 1922 AD discovered Tut's Tomb at Valley of Kings 3,200 years untouched 5,000 works of art

Howard Carter

Curse of the Pharaohs death to those who enter the tomb Lord Carnarvon Lord Carnarvon, who funded the Tutankhamun excavation in 1922, died a year later. As he died, the lights in Cairo failed and his dog back home howled. "It's a curse!" superstitious people claimed.

6. Ramses II “Ramses the Great” strongest of Pharoahs 1304 BC – 1237 BC war vs. Hittites 1st written treaty in history 1280 BC

Moses 1263 BC *led Hebrew Exodus from Egypt

7. Civil Wars 1090 BC power declines / allowed invasions Sea Peoples Assyrians Persians

8. Alexander the Great 331 BC conquered Egypt

9. Cleopatra 31 BC *last Pharaoh of Egypt

Alexandria *3 rd capital city and last of Ancient Egypt Lighthouse at Alexandria

Augustus Caesar defeated Cleopatra Egypt became Province of Rome

IV. Egyptian Gods Amon-Re 1. Amon-Re Sun God

Osiris 2. Osiris God of Nile & underworld judge of the dead

Isis 3. Isis wife of Osiris brought him back to life

Horus 4. Horus Falcon god God of Heaven

5. Anubis god of embalming jackal head

6. Hapi god of Nile flooding

B. Maat *divine cosmic principle of universe keeps truth & justice in world sacred animals: cat, bull, crocodile, & scarab beetle

C. Life after Death Book of the Dead Spells & prayers Negative confession Good actions

Osiris weighed your sins using a feather Feather *symbol of truth

Happy Field of Food *Egyptian Heaven Eater of Dead destroyed soul if bad

D. Mummification Embalming & drying corpse Physical body & Ka spiritual body

Canopic Jars held internal organs

Natron salt used to dry body

Hatshepsut

Nefertiti

V. Social Classes A. Pharaoh B. Priests & Nobles C. Middle Class merchants artisans doctors skilled workers D. Peasants E. Slaves

VI. Accomplishments A. Hieroglyphics “Sacred Signs” system of writing pictograms symbols for words 700 ideograms

Rosetta Stone 1799 Jean Champollion translated stone

Champollion

B. Papyrus reed used make paper

Papyrus

C. Engineering * greatest builders ancient times

D. Heliopolis “City of the Sun” center for learning