The Rise of Cities & Civilizations Aim: How do civilizations develop? Do Now: What caused civilizations to develop in the Neolithic Revolution? Mr. Ott @ BETA

What are the Four (4) Social Studies Categories Geography: Where is it? Is the land mountainous? Desert? Isolated by Geographic Features? Political: Government -- Who controls what? What type of government is there? Anything to do with laws or war. Economic: Trade -- What type of economy? How do people make a living? It is NOT money! Social: Society & Culture – Religious, Art, Traditions, Social Class

The Start of Ancient Civilization We begin at about 9,000 years ago when village life began in the New Stone Age. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. NEW STONE

What is the REVOLUTION? A TOTALLY new way of living From: Hunter-Gatherers Agriculture & Herding to

The invention of Agriculture changed the way people lived. Agriculture (Farming) Growth of Cities Division of Labor (Job Specialization) Trade Writing and Mathematics Government Surplus = Civilization Laws

What traits are necessary in order for a society to be a civilization? Extensive and dense population People not involved in food production Monumental public buildings Ruling class living off surplus Systems of recording Exact & predictive sciences (e.g. geometry) Full-time craft specialists Long distance trade State organization based on residence rather than kingship (Surplus/Specialization) (Specialization) (Government/Religion) (Government/Surplus) (Writing) (Specialization) (Specialization) (Specialization/Surplus) (Government)

Geography of Mesopotamia What does Mesopotamia mean? The Land Between the Two (2) Rivers What are the names of these two rivers? Tigris River 1. Euphrates River 2.

What is another name for the Area Around Mesopotamia? The Fertile Crescent Why would we call it that? Because it is shaped like a quarter moon and the land is able to be farmed over and over. (Green Area)

An area of elevated flat land. What is a Plateau?

The paths of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers The paths of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. This creates Mesopotamia and rich farming land. Taurus Mountains (In Present Day Turkey) 1. Water from the melting snow rushes to the valley below. Plateau Flood Plain 2. The Two Rivers form and run over the Elevated Flat Land Persian Gulf 3. The Rivers flow and flood the low land making the land fertile for planting crops 4. The Two Rivers Empty into the Persian Gulf Can you name the current modern country Mesopotamia is located in?

IRAQ

From Rivers to Fields Silt Silt flows down Tigris & Euphrates Deposits mostly down near Persian Gulf (Southern Mesopotamia) Droughts Not much Rain Flood at Harvest Time not at Growing Time Irrigation Create Canals and Artificial Lakes Controlled Water for use when needed

Euphrates River

Do you think the rivers flood today? Tigris River Satellite Image of the Tigris River Before & After Flooding Iraq, 2005 After Flooding March 16, 2005 Tigris River February 7, 2005 Before Flooding

Mesopotamia Civilizations Sumerian City States

Sumer What is a city-state? A self-governing city which also governs surrounding villages. Eridu Most important city-states were: Ur, Uruk, Eridu

Sumer City-States c. 3000 BC Same time as Menes unified Egypt Sometimes fought for control of neighboring city-states

Architecture (building) - Ziggurat Located in center of cities, large, towering mud-brick building. Had a temple at the top, for religious purposes.

Writing Cuneiform – System of writing invented in Sumer. Used for record keeping, laws, stories, instructions, riddles, proverbs, education, math, and science. Scribes – Mostly Boys, but some girls (rare)

City Life Huge city gates, with large walls. Often went to war with other city-states, for resources such as river water. Food brought to cities by area farmers

Religion City revolved around temple & religion. Food brought to feed temple god and priests and King. Each city-state worshiped a different god or goddess. Polytheism (many gods) (Ishtar – Love & War or Enki – Water)

Hammurabi of Babylon (1790-1752 BC) was able to create a unified kingdom over all of southern Mesopotamia

What are codes of law? It is a written set of laws that apply to everyone under a government.

The United States Constitution What is the main code of law of the United States?

Why? Code of Hammurabi Discovered in 1901 in Susa Pillar with over 200 laws One of the oldest code of laws. (4,000 years old) Showed Slavery existed in Babylonia. Not everyone was treated the same. Different laws for different groups of people. Why?

Egyptian Civilization AIM: What were the major contributions of Ancient Egypt? Land of the Pharaohs Egyptian Civilization

Ancient Egypt GEOGRAPHY

Where in the world is Egypt? Continent: Africa Location: Northeast Corner

The Nile River It is also the lifeblood of Egypt. Why? What is Egypt’s most visible & Important Geographic feature? It is also the lifeblood of Egypt. Why?

By looking at the map which way do you think the Nile river flows? (From what direction to what direction?) From South to North Lower Egypt Upper Egypt

The Egypt is divided into two (2) parts. What are they called? Lower Egypt Upper Egypt 1. _____________ 2. _____________ Where on the map are they located?

The rulers of Lower & Upper Egypt had crowns to wear. Why would a ruler wear both crowns at the same time?

A Delta or The Nile Delta Why do you think we call it a delta? What is the wide part of the Nile River called? A Delta or The Nile Delta GREEK LETTER DELTA The letter for our “D”

Because the Nile flows into the Mediterranean Sea it dumps this into the Nile Delta? Silt A tiny mixture of soil and rock.

How do you think the Ancient Egyptian Farmer watered their fields? What technology was used? Shadouf Most irrigation in the Nile Valley is done by gas-powered or diesel-powered pumps nowadays -- but every so often we saw someone using a shadouf. This ancient irrigation technique is a bucket on a long, counter-weighted arm that the farmer swings down into the water and over to the field. The watering of land by canals or pipes. irrigation

What is a Pharaoh? What is unification? A ruler of Egypt Joining of separate parts into one Name some ways a Pharaoh could unify Egypt?

Administration, Taxes, Judges Life Under Pharaoh Administration, Taxes, Judges Government Religion Economy Child of Sun God Ra He Gives Life to Egypt Domestication Agriculture – Farming Surplus Specialization Trade

Slaves Soldiers Scribes Merchants Artisans Farmers Pharaoh Government Officials Soldiers Scribes Merchants Artisans Farmers Slaves

Indus River Valley Civilizations AIM: What contributions did Ancient Indian Civilization have?

Subcontinent A large land mass geographically separated from the rest of the continent. India is a subcontinent, separated from Asia by Himalaya Mountains.

monsoon seasonal winds that bring rain Indus Valley farmers depended on the rains to irrigate their land

Civilization Develops Sophisticated urban centers Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Dynamic trade state - trade with Mesopotamia and China Monsoons

Cities very sophisticated with advanced sewage systems & city grid system street planning

Decline due to Degradation of the ecosystem Migration of nomadic Aryans Political collapse