Tour of the Cell 1 2007-2008

Prokaryote bacteria cells Eukaryote animal cells Types of cells ________________ ________________________ Eukaryote animal cells Eukaryote plant cells

Why organelles? mitochondria chloroplast Golgi ER ________________________________________ specialized functions cilia or flagella for locomotion __________________________________________ partition cell into compartments create different local environments separate pH, or concentration of materials distinct & incompatible functions lysosome & its digestive enzymes _________________________________________ unique combinations of lipids & proteins embedded enzymes & reaction centers chloroplasts & mitochondria chloroplast Golgi Why organelles? There are several reasons why cells evolved organelles. First, organelles can perform specialized functions. Second, membrane bound organelles can act as containers, separating parts of the cell from other parts of the cell. Third, the membranes of organelles can act as sites for chemical reactions. Organelles as specialized structures An example of the first type of organelle is cilia, these short filaments act as "paddles" to help some cells move. Organelles as Containers Nothing ever invented by man is as complex as a living cell. At any one time hundreds of incompatible chemical reactions may be occurring in a cell. If the cell contained a uniform mixture of all the chemicals it would not be able to survive. Organelles surrounded by membranes act as individual compartments for these chemical reactions. An example of the second type of organelle is the lysosome. This structure contains digestive enzymes, these enzymes if allowed to float free in the cell would kill it. Organelle membranes as sites for chemical reactions An example of the third type of organelle is the chloroplast. The molecules that conduct the light reactions of photosynthesis are found embedded in the membranes of the chloroplast. ER

Cells gotta work to live! What jobs do cells have to do? ______________________ proteins control ____________ cell function ________________________ for daily life for growth growth repair renewal

Cells functions ________________________ read DNA instructions build proteins process proteins folding modifying removing amino acids adding other molecules e.g, making glycoproteins for cell membrane address & transport proteins

Building Proteins Organelles involved nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus vesicles The Protein Assembly Line Golgi apparatus nucleus ribosome ER vesicles

What kind of molecules need to pass through? histone protein chromosome DNA Nucleus Function protects _____________ Structure ________________________ double membrane membrane fused in spots to create _________ allows large macromolecules to pass through nuclear pores pore nuclear envelope nucleolus What kind of molecules need to pass through?

production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus nuclear membrane 1 production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus small ribosomal subunit large cytoplasm mRNA nuclear pore 2 mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore

Nucleolus Function ____________________________ build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ________________ small subunit large subunit ribosome rRNA & proteins nucleolus

Ribosomes Function Structure ______________________ 2 subunits combine small subunit large Ribosomes Function ______________________ Structure 2 subunits combine 0.08mm Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth The genes for rRNA have the greatest commonality among all living things. There is very little difference in the DNA sequence of the rRNA genes in a humans vs. a bacteria. Means that this function (building of a ribosome) is so integral to life that every cell does it almost exactly the same way. Change a base and this changes the structure of the RNA which causes it to not function.

Types of Ribosomes Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes suspended in cytosol synthesize proteins that function in cytosol Bound ribosomes attached to ______________ ________________________ synthesize proteins for export or for membranes membrane proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum Function _______________________________________ manufactures membranes synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds Structure membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell accounts for 50% membranes in eukaryotic cell

Types of ER rough smooth

Smooth ER function Membrane production Many metabolic processes synthesis synthesize lipids oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones hydrolysis ____________________________into glucose in liver _____________________________& poisons ex. alcohol & barbiturates

Membrane Factory Build new membrane synthesize phospholipids builds membranes ER membrane expands bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need membranes

Which cells have lot of rough ER? Rough ER function Produce proteins for export out of cell protein ____________________cells packaged into ________________for export Which cells have lot of rough ER? Which cells have a lot of ER? protein production cells like pancreas = production of digestive enzymes (rough endoplasmic reticulum from a cell of exocrine pancreas (88000X))

Synthesizing proteins cytoplasm cisternal space mRNA ribosome membrane of endoplasmic reticulum polypeptide signal sequence ribosome

Which cells have lots of Golgi? Golgi Apparatus Function finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products like “UPS shipping department” ships products in ________________ membrane sacs “UPS trucks” transport vesicles secretory vesicles Which cells have lots of Golgi? Cells specialized for secretion? endocrine glands: produce hormones pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries exocrine glands: produce digestive enzymes & other products pancreas, mammary glands, sweat glands

Golgi Apparatus

Vesicle transport vesicle budding from rough ER fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus migrating transport protein ribosome

Making proteins Putting it together… cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane transport vesicle Golgi apparatus smooth ER rough ER nuclear pore nucleus ribosome cell membrane protein secreted cytoplasm