Transformations of Total War Reminder: Film screening of Soldiers and Chocolate TONIGHT! Wed. March 31 7 pm CGIS 020 (our regular classroom)

Recap: Emergence of parliamentary democracy (imperial democracy) into 1920s New social tensions, 1920s-1930s Increased international tensions Heightened anxiety over nature of modernity ->Issues in expansion of empire, mobilization at home, to break the “impasse”

Japan Germany Italy Monarchy Holo- caust Mass party, Charismatic leader Church Fascism: One strategy for comparative analysis At the intersection: the “fascist minimum” Sense of social crisis Latecomer international aspirations denied Glorified national body and race Anti-democratic Anti-capitalist rhetoric, but not full state control: state-managed capitalism Autarchic empire Aggressive foreign policy  war Pope, Emperor

Mobilizing for Total War Suspicion of competition, control of industry  Promotion of cartels: Important Industries Control Law, 1931  Increased central planning, : Cabinet Planning Board National General Mobilization Law: 1938  Allows measures to “control material and human resources” WITHOUT legislative approval  The peak measure of state power

Programs of the New Order: Political New Order  Prince Konoe advisors’ concept of mass party  Outcome: Imperial Rule Assistance Association: 1940 Economic New Order  Builds on “rationalizing” steps since late ’20s  Culminates in “Control Associations” of 1940 Labor New Order  Modeled on Nazi Labor Front  Industrial Patriotic Service Association, 1940

Transwar trends in political economy and society Industrial policy  Three iterations: “self-control” circa early 1930s  State control: 1940 Control Associations  Postwar MITI: gets the state-private mix right? Labor Organization  Wartime controls codify seniority wages  Patriotic Associations feed into inclusive employee unions Agrarian Reform  Further weaken landlords, strengthen tenants

Statist modernity: contradictions Tension between new and old roles for women

Statist modernity: Contradictions Tension between new and old roles for women

Overcoming Modernity Anti- modernism and its limits

Overcoming Modernity

Overcoming modernity Anti-modernism and its limits

Japan Germany Italy Monarchy Holo- caust Mass party, Charismatic leader Church Fascism: One strategy for comparative analysis At the intersection: the “fascist minimum” Sense of social crisis Latecomer international aspirations denied Glorified national body and race Anti-democratic Anti-capitalist rhetoric, but not full state control: state-managed capitalism Autarchic empire Aggressive foreign policy  war Pope, Emperor