Workshop at Indian Institute of Science 9-13 August, 2010 Bangalore India Fire Safety Engineering & Structures in Fire Organisers:CS Manohar and Ananth Ramaswamy Indian Institute of Science Speakers:Jose Torero, Asif Usmani and Martin Gillie The University of Edinburgh Funding and Sponsorship: Development of Codes and Practice Session JT2

Construction Architectural Concept Consulta tion with Parties No Fire Safety Authorities Fire Brigades Yes Construction Inspection Structural Design Design of Services Design of Fire Safety Systems Fire Safety Authorities Fire Brigades No Yes Acceptance

The Cost of Error Construction Acceptance Design Architecture £ £1 £2 £ Unlimited

Structures Architecture Smoke Management Evacuation Access for Fire Brigade Civil Engineering Fire Resistance Mechanical Engineering HVAC systems Hydraulic Systems Fire Safety Engineering Detection & Alarm Smoke Management Suppression & Control Fire Resistance Evacuation Access for F.B. Security

Fire Safety Strategies ♦Prescriptive Design ♦Performance Based Design

Life Safety Compartmentation Response Structure

Life Safety Compartmentation Response Structure Common Sense Specify According to Manufacturers Standard Test Data Locate According to manufacturers Specifications Define according to simple rules (Common Sense)

Can the same rules be applied?

Intercontinental Hotel, Shanghai Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris The Dome London

Compliance ♦Limited to conventional buildings –Conventional is less and less frequent –Construction has evolved faster than codes –Construction has evolved faster than our capacity to train authorities/engineers/fire service ♦Codes can only be used as a tool for the competent professional

Summary ♦Fire Safety Engineering is a complex field that interacts with all other disciplines in the construction process ♦Codes and Standards (classic practises) are viable only for simple buildings – complex buildings require higher level engineering ♦Fire Safety Engineering is an important profession in the construction process!

♦Evacuation –Detection –Alarm –Displacement away from the fire –Crowd management ♦Compartmentation –Slows fire growth –Minimizes smoke spread ♦Response –Automatic (fire suppression) –External –Internal ♦Structural Integrity Fire Safety Strategies

Time Lines t % 100% Structural Failure Evacuation Completed Untenable Conditions

t % Structural Failure 100% Evacuation Completed Untenable Conditions Solution

The Objectives t e <<<<t f t e <<<<t S t s → 

Allen Lambert Gallery (Canada)

Unprotected structure High Ceilings Delayed detection Delayed sprinkler Activation Smoke Management

Egress Problem

Combined Construction Methods (Modern- Classic) Refurbishment of Historical Monument Complex use of materials (plastic, steel, stone, etc.) Interconnected Multiple Uses

How are these problems addressed ♦Can not be addressed by means of codes and standards ♦They are addressed by a combination of codes & standards as well as analytical tools ♦The process requires a complex approvals process where everyone involved has to be competent

A Detailed Analysis ♦Kohn Pedersen Fox ♦80 Storey Building in London ♦Formed of many 4 storey “villages” ♦Arup: Fire Engineering Heron Tower

Key Issues ♦How Would a 4 Storey Fire affect: –The structural performance of the building? –Egress? –Fire Detection & Suppression?

The Fire ♦4 Storey Atrium Transforms the Fire –None of the conventional methods can address the unique nature of the fire –Fire needs to be modelled ♦Detection, Suppression and Structure need to be tested against the real fire

Modelling of the Fire

What does the Engineer need to know? ♦What does an engineer need to know to be able to conduct an adequate CFD analysis of this fire? ♦What does an engineer need to know to be able to transfer the fire information to test Detection, Suppression and Structure?