Scientific Identification & Classification

Plant Parts Leaves Stems Roots Flowers

Leaves-External Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf Midrib-the large center vein Veins-the structural framework of the leaf Margin-the edge of the leaf

Leaves-External

Leaf Retention Evergreen-Leaves stay on the plant all year long Deciduous-Leaves will fall off during the dormant periods Herbaceous-leaves and stems die back at the end of the season

Leaf Type

Awls Scales Needles

Leaf Shapes CordateElliptical Ovate SpatulateDeltoid LanceolateLiner

Leaf Margin

Leaf Arrangement AlternateOppositeWhorled

Vein Pattern

Bracts – modified leaves to attract pollinators Sessile – leaves without a petiole bract Real Flower

What are the functions of leaves? Capture light Exchange gases through respiration Provide a site for photosynthesis Some leaves store food and water Release water through transpiration cooling the plant

Stems Movement of Materials Support of the leaves and reproductive structures Food storages Reproduction with stem cuttings or grafting

Stems-External Lenticels Bud scale scars Leaf Scars Terminal bud Axillary or lateral bud

Thorns & Prickles Thorn Prickle

Modified Stems Stolon Tuber Cladophyll

Root Functions Anchor the plant and hold it upright Absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct them to the stem Store large quantities of plant food Propagate or reproduce some plants

Roots-External Root cap-indicates growth of new cells Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals Root images from a rice plant

Root Types Fibrous Roots Tap Root

Taproots Advantages Penetrates deeper Obtain water from other levels Anchor plant Disadvantages Difficult to remove or harvest do not stabilize well

Primary Roots Grow down into the soil and may branch repeatedly into lateral roots Taproot is a primary root

Fibrous Advantages Shallower, better for fertilization & Water Stabilize in soil better Disadvantage Less drought resistant Tend to get exposed during cultivation

Fibrous Root Root structures in which the primary and lateral roots develop equally so there is not a definite taproot.

Adventitious Came from stems or leaves instead of another root Prop root of corn and grapes are examples that give support

Storage Roots Are structures such as those of carrots and sweet potatoes which are used for food storage.

What do stems and roots have in common? Both have xylem and phloem cells for transport.

Flowers Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers Stamen-male part of the flower Pistil-female part of the flower

Flowers

Parts of the Stamen Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells

Parts of the Pistil Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized

Complete-vs-Incomplete Complete flowers have both male and female parts Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts

Monoeciuos All male or all female flowers on plant Examples: Hollies or Ginkgo MaleFemale

Dioecious Male and female, imperfect flowers on same plant Examples: Squash & Pumpkin

Flower Types CorymbsPanicle Spike

Flower Types Umbel Head

Plant Parts-Fruit Cones Nut (acorn) Clusters or drupes (raspberry) Capsules (willow) Samara (maple)

Fruits and Nuts Cones Acorns Cluster Drupe

Fruits and Nuts Samara Capsule Pome

Life Cycle Annual-a plant that lives for only 1 year or less Biennial-a plant that lives for 2 years, usually flowering in the second year Perennial-a plant that lives for more than 2 years

Growth Habits Trees: greater than 12 feet tall Shrubs: less than 12 feet tall Vines: a plant that climbs & spreads

Growth Habits House Plant: plant grown indoors Bedding Plant: a plant used in flowering beds

Forms of Plants: Growth Pattern Spreading Weeping Columnar

Growth Forms Round Oval Pyramidal