Law 12 Mr. Laberee 1

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 The constitution establishes government jurisdiction in Canada  Ottawa is responsible for establishing health benchmarks  Victoria (or Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto…) is responsible for health delivery  The British parliament passed out first Constitution: British North America Act (July 1 st 1867)  4 provinces made up the country: Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia 3

 1867 BNA Act created Dominion of Canada, but not as a fully independent country  Britain still controlled Canada’s foreign policy  Canada’s highest court was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in Britain ▪ They could over turn decisions made by Canadian courts  Throughout the 20 th century, increasing Canada’s independence was a priority for our governments 4

 1931 Statute of Westminster: gave Canada control over its own foreign affairs  1949: Supreme Court of Canada became Canada’s highest court  Note: both these changes required the consent of the British government  BUT… the BNA Act was a British Act (statute) from their parliament, so Canada still didn’t control its own constitution ▪ Only the government who makes a law can change it, so only the British government could change the BNA Act 5

 Repatriation: The process of bringing the BNA Act under the legal control of the Canadian parliament  From about 1950 on, Britain was willing to give Canada control over its constitution, but the federal and provincial governments feared having their powers reduced, and so they couldn’t agree on how to repatriate the BNA Act  An important principle of politics: no level of government wants to have their powers reduced or give up powers to another level of government 6

 1981: PM Trudeau comes to an agreement with the provinces on how the Constitution should be written. He enters into negotiation with United Kingdom  The British parliament passes the Canada Act, 1982 repatriating the BNA Act, 1867, to Canada  Trudeau passed the Constitution Act, 1982 amending the act according to his agreement with the provinces  The BNA Act, 1867 was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867 and formed a large part of the new 1982 Act, along with the addition of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms  To this day, Quebec says he betrayed them, as they did not approve the final draft  7

 Called the “amending formula”  any change to the Constitution requires:  consent of the Canadian parliament (MPs and Senators)  consent of at least 2/3 of the provincial legislatures (MLAs), who must represent 50% or more of the Canadian population  in practice, this makes change virtually impossible without the consent of Ontario and Quebec because they have most the population…  no changes have been made since 1982, as requirements of this formula haven’t been met 8

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