28 February 2014 is the new deadline to submit applications to the B.Ed. programme at CBU. Dr. Barre is off campus 26 and 27 January. Assuming no strike, there will be two lectures on 3 February.

TRANS On June 20, 2007, the Minister of Health announced that Health Canada adopted the recommendations of the Trans Fat Task Force Limit the trans fat content of vegetable oils and soft, spreadable margarines to 2% of the total fat content; and limit the trans fat content for all other foods to 5% of the total fat content, including ingredients sold to restaurants. WHO < 1 % of total caloric intake Trans fat task force disbanded by Harper gov’t

Trans- total cholesterol up, hdlc down, ldlc up Explanation?

Lecture 3a 20 Jan 2014 LIFE CYCLE NUTRITION PRE-PRE-NATAL PRE-NATAL PERINATAL INFANT

See Health Canada website ( for information on life cycle nutrition including serving numberswww.hc-sc.gc.ca Pre-pre-natal (pre-conception), pre and peri-natal nutrition Infant nutrition

Pre-pre natal, Pre-natal and peri-natal nutrition Adequacy through variety are all critical all through life –remember nutrient requirements change with each stage of life

Pre-pre-natal Remember what mother eats, the embryo and foetus eat First trimester critical for development so eat well Eat well plus folate supplement (up to 4 mg/day) a month prior to conception and throughout pregnancy Critical period for neural tube development is days post conception-folate reduces risk of Anencephaly and Spina bifida

Pre-pre-natal Weight prior to conception -ideal weight (BMI = 18.5 – 24.9) -if underweight BMI < pre-term infant and infant death risk higher -if overweight (BMI ) or obese (BMI > 30) -medical complications for mother -hypertension -gestational diabetes -post-partum infection -post-term deliveries

Pre-pre-natal -medical complications for child if overweight or obese mother -heavier than usual -difficult labour and delivery -birth trauma -caesarean

Pre-pre-natal More things for pre-conception Avoid non-nutrient nutraceuticals and alcohol Avoid nutritional deficiencies and toxicities

Fig. 14-7a, p. 465

Fig. 14-7b, p. 465

Fig. 14-7c, p. 465

Pre-natal Exercise- helps regulate weight gain exercise-never to the point of discomfort exercise-low-impact only exercise-non-contact

Fig , p. 468

Pre-natal Energy -300 more kcal required (compared to non- pregnancy) with perhaps even more for teenager, underweight and active women -extra serving of each 4 food groups covers this extra 300 kcal Protein -usually not a problem in Canada as women usually more than meet protein requirement Dietary Essential fatty acids -omega 3s- give better visual acuity and brain development

Pre-natal -Nutrients for blood and cell growth -folate, B 12, iron, and zinc-variously involved in DNA and cell replication -iron required due to increased blood volume and poor maternal iron stores pre-pregnancy (vitamin C converts ferric in food to ferrous form for better iron absorption) -iron supplements in ferrous form are absorbed better -take iron on empty stomach and avoid milk, caffeine or tea? Why ? -Bone development-vitamin D and calcium required

Pre-natal Nutrient supplements- only if poor diet Avoid non-nutrient nutraceuticals, alcohol (FAS) and (caffeine(?)), aspartame if a PKU (cannot break down phenylalanine (PA)- elevated PA levels are a neurotoxin-brain damage) Avoid nutritional deficiencies nd toxicities

Table 14-5, p. 481

Peri-natal Lactation Energy requirements for mum (additional 330 kcal from food plus 170 kcal from fat stores built up during pregnancy) Vitamins and Minerals -mother’s nutritional deficiencies (not following adequacy through variety leads reduction in quantity not quality of mother’s milk)-quality maintained at expense of maternal stores eg calcium -significance of calcium issue? Water-plenty of fluids-fluid at each meal and each time baby nurses

Peri-natal Lactation Nutrient Supplements If necessary Avoid non-nutrient nutraceuticals, alcohol and caffeine, aspartame if a PKU -strong or spicy foods, medicinal drugs

Infant Nutrition 0-1 year Follow adequacy through variety formula -intakes based on breast milk in well fed mother Energy Intake 100 kcal/kg required due to rapid growth Protein Most important in growth -too much protein-stress kidneys and liver –e.g. non-fat milk and concentrated formula will cause this stress

Infant Nutrition Infant 0-1 Year Vitamins and Minerals-breast milk adequate except for vitamin D Water- the younger the child the greater the percentage of water in body and therefore the greater the requirement

Infant Nutrition Infant 0-1 year Preterm infants- require Calcium- to avoid osteopenia DHA (docosahexanenoic acid) -critical to growth and development of blood vessels and brain

Infant Nutrition Cows milk Not before 12 months Younger than 6 months-gives rise to intestinal bleeding and iron deficiency- cows milk is a poor source of iron. Also cow’s milk is higher in calcium and low in vitamin C (both inhibit iron absorption) leads to iron deficiency or possible risk of type 1 diabetes in child

Infant Nutrition Solid food -introduce at 6 months -if not given by end of first year this will delay growth -provides nutrients that breast milk can not appropriately supply Food allergies-to determine what food(s) are causing the allergy give-single ingredient foods – with a 3-5 day separation

Infant Nutrition Choice of Infant foods Iron-must be sufficient Vitamin C-must be sufficient Avoid infant desserts Eat well yourself -show your children