Bio 9C: Thursday, Title: Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution  Homework:  Lab Part B: Finish Tree #1 and Analysis Question #6 by the start of tomorrow’s class!  Do Now(s):  Power-up a laptop and get ready for your next instructions  Today’s Objectives:  Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolution Double Block

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION PHA Biology 9 Moretti/ Dickson

Evolution 3-Part Investigation Dry Lab Key Questions: 1. What is the evidence that one species can branch into two? 2. What is the evidence that multiple species are evolutionarily related? Objectives for Class: Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships

Dry Lab: Part A Evidence for Evolution

Evolution Dry Lab Part A Part A Computer Lab All in the Family: Which Animals are the Closest Relatives? Link: The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…  Examine and understand the evidence for evolution  Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees  Part A focuses on using the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships Objectives for Class: Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION  What is the evidence that all species on earth are related to each other and share common ancestors? 3 Major Types of Evidence: 1. Homologous Structures a) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures b) Embryological/ Developmental c) Molecular/Genetic 2. Fossils 3. Geographic Distribution of Species Objectives for Class: Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Evidence: HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES  Similar structures due to sharing a common ancestor that had those structures Three Types of Homologies: 1.Anatomical (including vestigial traits) 2.Embryological/ Developmental 3.Molecular/ Genetic Objectives for Class: Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Begin notes for type of Evidence for Evolution Evidence for Evolution

Objectives for Class: Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution Anatomical Homology  Similar body parts or bone structures  They don’t necessarily have the same function now, but did in the common ancestor  Ex: human arm, cat leg, whale flipper, bat wing all have same bones

Don’t confuse Homologous Structures with Analogous Structures  Analogous Structures  structures that have the same function but NOT the same skeletal structure  This suggests these organisms did NOT descend from a common ancestor with that trait Ex: insect wing and bird wing bio.miami.edu Insect wing Bird wing Objectives for Class: Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Objectives for Class: Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution Anatomical Homology: Vestigial Traits  Vestigial Traits  Don’t have a function now, but suggest that they descended from an ancestor that did use them.  Examples: human tailbone, human goose bumps, ostrich wings Ex: human tail bone, human goose animal.nationalgeographic.com

Embryological/Developmental Homology  Similar characteristics appearing during specific embryonic/ developmental stages of development  Examples:  fish, reptile, bird, and human embryos all have gill slits and a tail (but some lose these features before birth) Objectives for Class: Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Molecular/Genetic Homology  Comparing the similarities and differences of DNA or amino acid sequences for different organisms  Closer the similarities = Closer relationships Objectives for Class: Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things Time >present Nodes indicate most recent common ancestor of two branches

Dry Lab: Part B – Day 1 Evidence for Evolution

Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 1 Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence  The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…  Examine and understand the evidence for evolution  Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees  Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution  Complete through Tree # 1 using the evidence for Tree 1 Objectives for Class: Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

Bio 9C: Friday, Title: Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution  Homework:  No Homework (unless you need to catch-up)  Do Now(s):  Label the front right-hand corner of your Evolution Lab B: CU = Finished Tree #1 and totally understand how the info in the table makes the tree CD = Finished Tree #1, but don’t understand how the info in the table makes the tree DC = Did not complete the table or the tree  Today’s Objectives:  Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution  Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this

Do Now – Part 2  Which organisms branched off before evolving a complete digestive tube?  Which three organisms have a brain?

Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 2 Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…  Examine and understand the evidence for evolution  Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees  Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution  Complete Tree #2 and ALL analysis questions Objectives for Class: Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION 1.Homologous Structures a)Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures b)Embryos c)Molecular/Genetic 2.Fossils 3.Geographic Distribution of Species

Bio 9C: Monday, Title: Using fossils as evidence for evolution  Homework:  Reading Guide to movie  Do Now:  What are the differences between Analogous and Homologous structures  Today’s Objectives:  Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.  Describe how genetic evidence is used as evidence for evolution.

Recap: Analogy vs. Homology  Analogous Structures – similar structures due to natural selection in similar environments  common ancestor did not have it, but descendents evolve it independently  Homologous Structures – similar structures due to shared ancestry  common ancestor had this feature, so all descendents have it  Results from divergent (branching) evolution

DIVERGENT (branching) EVOLUTION

Evidence: FOSSILS  Fossils  show species that are now extinct  show transitions to new body forms  Example: Tiktaalik (lived 375 million years ago)  fish with legs and (maybe) primitive lungs…  earliest amphibian? Fossil Artist Rendering Objectives for Class: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Evidence: FOSSILS cont.  Example: Archaeopteryx (lived 150 million years ago)  earliest bird… but has many dinosaur features Objectives for Class: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Evidence: FOSSILS cont.  Interpreting Fossil Evidence  Fossils form in layers of rock (older = lower layer)  Fossils in the same layer lived at the same time  Radiometric dating: determine the age of a fossil based on how much radioactive carbon it contains Objectives for Class: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

What lived at the same time as the fossil fish? Objectives for Class: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

What Darwin Never Knew   Chapters:  9 - Gene Switches  10 – A Transitional Form  11 – Fins to Limbs  12 (start at 1:26)

Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION  Species that live on the same continents are often closely related to each other  Based on genetic (DNA) and embryonic evidence  This is true, even though they look more similar to species elsewhere. Example: North vs. South American rodents Objectives for Class: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Example: Placental Mammals vs. Australian Marsupial Mammals  Australia has been separated from other continents for a long time, so its marsupials evolved independently  Marsupial traits are analogous, NOT homologous, to placental mammals Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Bio 9C: Tuesday, Title: Using fossils as evidence for evolution  Homework:  Completed lab is due Thursday at the start of class.  Do Now:  How are fossils used as evidence  Today’s Objectives:  Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.  Describe how genetic evidence is used as evidence for evolution.

How did whales evolve? Evidence for Evolution: Part C

Lilliana Brunyr Marie Marcus Carla Rockens Amanjot Julian Karen Obayanna Amando Garlyn 9C: Room 107 Front of Room Crystal Asarel Jamesly Meryem Anthony Jonathan Jason Kendra Sophie Christine JhonJoe

Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day1 Part C: How Did Whales Evolve? The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…  Examine and understand the evidence for evolution  Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees  Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to determine evolutionary relatedness  Complete Tasks 1-4 before watching the video You may also have the reading to go along with this video: Objectives for Class: Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution

Ambulocetus natans in action A reconstruction of an early close cousin of whales Shown here with the kind permission of artist Carl Buell.

Bio 9C: Wednesday, Title: Using fossils as evidence for evolution  Homework:  Complete analysis question for Part C by tomorrow.  Do Now:  Take  Today’s Objectives:  Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.  Describe how genetic evidence is used as evidence for evolution.

Check the Answers…

Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day2 Part C: How Did Whales Evolve? The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…  Examine and understand the evidence for evolution  Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees  Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to determine evolutionary relatedness  Complete Task 5 after watching the video You may also have the reading to go along with this video: Objectives for Class: Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution

Modern Whales…

Where Did Whales Evolve From?

Zooming in on Whale Evolution

Bio 9C: Thursday, Title: Evolution Review  Homework:  Study for Tomorrow’s Test  Pass Part C to the left  Do Now:   Today’s Objectives:  Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.  Describe how genetic evidence is used as evidence for evolution.

EVOLUTION SUMMARY  Populations of living things change over time.  Due to change over time, a species can evolve into one or more new species. This results in the branching view of the tree of life.  All living things are related because we all evolved from a common ancestor.

Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things Time >present “There is grandeur in this view of life…” – Charles Darwin

Evolution Review  In your own words, describe the four key steps/ideas of natural selection and explain how they relate to each other. (you may want to think of this in terms of an example).  Write a paragraph describing an example of how the steps of natural selection (above) work in a population (examples could include hummingbird beaks, finch beaks, antibiotic resistance in bacteria, sickle cell anemia and malaria, or another example of your choice).  Define what a species is.  In your own words, explain the 2 main steps of speciation (one species dividing into two species).  Describe at least four types of evidence used to determine evolutionary relationships between species. Give an example of each!  Interpret or draw phylogenetic trees.

Block 2

Dinosaurs: Return to Life  Complete the “guided viewing” packet while watching the video.  Write additional questions on the back of the sheet while viewing  We will follow-up with a short discussion after the movie.

Bio 9C: Friday, Title: Evolution Test  Homework:  Now Homework  Do Now:  Put all of your stuff in your bag and zip them up!  Today’s Objectives:  Assess your understanding of the major concepts from the Evolution Unit