Engineering History

Why is it important to take notes during this presentation? It helps you remember. It gives you a way to review for the final. You can use your notes on the quiz next class.

Who were the first engineers? What were the first engineering designs? We will discuss… When did engineering begin? Who were the first engineers? What were the first engineering designs?

will help you complete your assignment. Pay attention… this presentation will help you complete your assignment. Your assignment will be to answer the following questions: What is an Engineer? Describe what you think might have been the greatest invention of all time (not including the last two hundred years). Describe an instance when you have invented anything or found a solution that has been useful to others.

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. in Asia Minor http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/maps/m_asiaminor.gif

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Change from nomadic life (hunter/gatherers) They were becoming less nomadic and more what? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg/757px-Kalina_hunter_gatherer.jpg

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. The Agrarian Society (agriculture) forms the basis of civilization cultivate plants - the need for increased food production domesticate animals - for food and work build permanent houses in community group http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_06/d_06_s/d_06_s_mou/d_06_s_mou.html

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Increased food production permitted time to engage in other activities such as: Government: A Ruler makes laws that stabilize community life land ownership

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. The results of Government: organize work force beginnings of a class society supervisors foremen workers - artisans http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14101/14101-h/images/p4_lesson3.gif

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Artisans are considered to be the first engineers Why? http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/03/050326101411.jpg

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era People discovered methods of producing fire at will http://www.sevamay.com/fire/ch17.htm

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era Stone Age 600,000-5000 B.C. People discovered how to use rocks as tools. http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/filestore/images/collectionsarch/stoneage_reconst_rec300web.jpg

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era Copper Age 5000-3000 B.C. People learn how to shape soft metals into tools. http://www.museumofman.org/html/exhibits_copper_age.html

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era Bronze Age 3000-2000 B.C. Mixing different kinds of metals could make better tools. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/b6/300px-Bronze_age_weapons_Romania.jpg

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Early Achievements in this Era Development of a system of symbols for written communications http://www.jhu.edu/neareast/uem/page3.html

The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Irrigation systems to promote crop growth http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/ancient-dam-iran.jpg

The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Animal-, water-, and wind-driven machines. http://www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/bc_cities/thompson_okanagan/photos/keremeos/grist_mill_01_640.jpg http://www.museums4schools.net/oxen_breaking.jpg http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/24700/24788/dutch_windmi_24788_md.gif

The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Major Engineering Projects or Inventions The wheel and axle Plow Yoke http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/images/wheel.jpg http://www.connerprairie.org/HistoryOnline/images/yoke.jpg

The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Mesopotamia “cradle of civilization” Clay tile material used for permanent documentation Clay tablets unearthed which show: maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities and water city plans irrigation systems water supply systems

Mesopotamia

Tigris River Euphrates River

Clay Tablet

Also called Cuneiform

The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. Outstanding contributions of mathematics Sexagesimal system divided circle into 360 degrees hour into 60 minutes minute into 60 seconds

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Babylonian engineers: Among the first scientific engineers Familiar with basic math Could figure out areas and volumes of land excavations Number system based on 60 instead of 10 Buildings were constructed using basic engineering principles still used today http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/03/barry/barrywall.jpg

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Babylonian engineers: Primitive arches used in moving water (hydraulics) Bridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden stringers http://www.truthnet.org/Daniel/Chapter5/

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Babylonian engineers: Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a construction system not used again until the nineteenth century http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/Jpeg/full171387.jpg The first recorded use of asphalt (bitumen) as a road building material was in Babylon around 625 B.C., in the reign of King Naboppolassar.  http://www.hotmix.org/history.php

Map of Babylon

Gardens of Babylon

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C. Egyptian Engineers Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years 2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu Outstanding examples of engineering skills in land measurement and building layout -transit and level Irrigation systems www.greatbuildings.com

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Engineering in Greece: Had its origin in Egypt Better known for the intensive development of borrowed ideas than for creativity and invention Famous for outstanding philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and Archimedes (mathematics)

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Engineering in Greece: Use of ideas was retarded because of the belief that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves. http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/dvoegele/work.jpg

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Engineering in Greece: Even so, greeks were able to come up with a few useful ideas: Archimedes water screw Crossbow Catapult

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Roman Engineering Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering knowledge from the countries they conquered for use in warfare and in their public works Superior in the application of ideas and techniques

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2004/11/heros_steam_tur.html Hero’s Inventions: Gear driven odometer on chariot Steam turbine Hydraulic clock Fire engine http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/PuppetShow.html http://www.the-romans.co.uk/g5/37.waterclock.gif http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/InventionsO.htm All ideas stolen from Hero by the Romans Who was Greek

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Roman Engineering Roman road systems- subbase, compact base, topcoat 180,000 miles http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/tra_f11a.jpg

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. Roman Engineering Aqueducts for Water supply Sanitary systems Engineering principles applies to military tactics http://www.legionsix.org/contact1.jpg

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it? The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or devise”

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it? Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power source Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and optics

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it? Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the culture

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it? Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first books printed on paper Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was also an engineer, inventor and architect Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults bridges and buildings Sketches of future engineering devices such as: Machine Gun Helicopter Drawbridge Breach-loading Cannon Roller Bearings Universal Joint Tanks

The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries Galileo Discovers: Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while falling, is independent of weight Earth moves around the sun Torricelli and Pascal Discovers: hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer Boyle Discovers: expansion quality of air and the correlation between temperature, volume, and pressure

The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries Hooke Discovers: material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in a similar fashion Huygens develops spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures gravitational acceleration Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systems

The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries The Developing Industrial Age James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron furnaces, rolling mills and other industries Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the spinning and weaving machinery Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold a static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conduction Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

Beginnings of Modern Science: 19th Century Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamics Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic field Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a patent for the same achievement a year later Henry Cort develops a method of refining iron James Watt refines and produces an efficient steam engine At last good iron for machines and power plants to operate the machinery

20th Century Technology Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production emerges Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power systems and communication networks Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current, the polyphase induction motor Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer research

20th Century Technology Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists from Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction begins. John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at Bell labs, discovered that current changes in one part of a diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and create the transistor.

20th Century Technology Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers that the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world” Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet engines Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707 capable of transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mph Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce holograms

And the list goes ON AND ON AND 20th Century Technology Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution And the list goes ON AND ON AND