Sexual and Reproductive Health

 An egg can live up to 24 hours in the uterus following ovulation  Sperm usually live up to 5 days in the uterus following intercourse  Ovulation happens 13 to 15 days before the first day of the next menstrual period  Progesterone released by the ovary after ovulation causes the basal body temperature to rise

 There are changes in the cervical mucus that provides information about the phase in the cycle ◦ Cervical mucus is scant, slippery and may be milky coloured prior to ovulation ◦ Mucus is abundant and becomes sticky and stretchy during ovulation when a female is fertile ◦ Mucus becomes scant and rubbery after ovulation when woman is no longer fertile during the cycle  Women are more likely to become pregnant when ovulating

 FAMs work by keeping sperm out of the vagina in the days near ovulation, when a woman is most fertile — most likely to become pregnant.  To prevent pregnancy, women can abstain from vaginal intercourse on their fertile days. Or they can use withdrawal, a condom, a sponge, a diaphragm, or a cap on those days. Or they may enjoy other kinds of sex play instead of vaginal intercourse on their fertile days.withdrawalcondomspongediaphragmcapother kinds of sex play

 In order to know when you are most likely to get pregnant, you have to become familiar with your menstrual cycle.menstrual cycle  Before pregnancy can begin, a woman's egg must join with a man's sperm. This is called fertilization. For a healthy woman, there are days when fertilization can happen. There are days when it can't. And there are some days when it's unlikely — but still possible. To begin a pregnancy, a woman can have vaginal intercourse — without protection — during the days when it's possible for the egg and sperm to join. We call those days your fertile days.  A woman's fertile days depend on the life span of the egg and the sperm. Her egg lives for about a day after ovulation. Sperm can live inside her body for about six days.

 A woman has a chance of her egg joining a sperm about seven days of every menstrual cycle. ◦ This includes the five days before ovulation. ◦ It includes the day of ovulation. ◦ It also includes the day or two after ovulation — even though it's less likely to happen then.  Knowing when your fertile days will happen can help you avoid a pregnancy. It can also help you plan one. The key is to figure out when you will ovulate. This will let you figure out the other fertile days that come before and after you ovulate. Then you can track your fertility pattern — the days of the month when you are fertile and the days of the month when you are not. You must do this carefully. Women don't all have the same fertility pattern. And some women have different patterns from one month to the next.

 The fertile period of the menstrual cycle may be calculated 4 ways; 1.Basal Body Temperature (BBT) method: daily temperature readings detect ovulation 2.Cervical Mucus (Billings) method: changes in cervical mucus show signs of ovulation 3.Sympto-thermo method: a combination of the temperature and cervical mucus methods 4.Calendar method: the length of the past menstrual cycles predicts the fertile period. WARNING: This method depends on a consistency of cycle length. It is common for young women’s cycles to vary from month to month. For these young women, this method should NOT be recommended.

 Effectiveness is an important and common concern when choosing a birth control method. Like all birth control methods, fertility awareness- based methods are more effective when you use them correctly.  Twenty-four out of every 100 couples who use fertility awareness-based methods each year will have a pregnancy if they don't alwaysuse the method correctly or consistently. Always practicing these methods correctly will make them more effective.  How well fertility awareness-based methods work depends on both partners. That's why it is important for both to learn about the methods and support each other in their use.  These methods can work best for you if you  have received careful instruction  have only one sex partner and he is as committed to fertility awareness- based methods as you are  have the discipline you need to check and chart your fertility signs  don't mind abstaining or using withdrawal, a cervical cap or diaphragm, a sponge, spermicide, or latex or female condoms on your unsafe days

 Fertility awareness-based methods are very safe — there are no side effects.

 They cost very little.  They are safe.  They can be stopped easily to plan a pregnancy.  Calendars, thermometers, and charts are easy to get.  Medication is not needed.

 Fertility awareness-based methods may not work for you if you  have more than one sex partner  have a sex partner who isn't as committed to fertility awareness-based methods as you are  don't want to keep close track of your safe days  are not able to abstain or use another method for at least 10 unsafe days during each cycle  take medicine that may affect reading the signs of these methods  Do not depend on tracking your fertility if you  have irregular periods  have a partner who is not cooperative  have a sexually transmitted infection or frequent abnormal vaginal discharges  cannot keep careful records  It may be more difficult to track your fertility if you are breastfeeding, are a teenager, or are getting close to menopause. The hormone shifts may make the signs unpredictable.  Don't switch to a fertility awareness-based method after using a hormonal one, such as the pill. The hormones will affect your cycle. Use a method without hormones while you're learning to track your fertility.the pill

 Couples can learn how to use fertility awareness-based methods by taking a course. Or they can be taught by a specially trained health professional. Both partners should learn the methods together. This way, both will know exactly what needs to be done to make the methods work. This will make them work better. And many couples report that they become more intimate by sharing responsibility for birth control.  Classes on charting fertility patterns and keeping ovulation calendars for contraception are offered by women's health centers, church-affiliated instructors, and Catholic hospitals. There is often little or no cost.  You can find instructors in certain religious settings. But they may not give you information about other methods. And they may not allow the use of barrier methods. For instruction that is not associated with a religion, ask for a referral from a women's clinic with no religious association. Or contact your state or county health department or your nearest Planned Parenthood health center.Planned Parenthood health center  Fertility charts or ovulation calendars cost little or nothing. They are easy to get from women's health centers and from private instructors and organizations. You can also print out this fertility pattern chart.Basal body temperature thermometers cost about $10 to $12. You may have to pay a fee for classes to learn fertility awareness-based methods. In some states, Medicaid will cover the cost of classes taken at a clinic or when authorized by a private physician.fertility pattern chart.

 Student Assignment – Due Monday, April 7 th, 2014  Complete the worksheet provided called “Sexual Health Services and Resources Worksheet” using the Checklist – Criteria for Assessing Services and Resources”.  The following information should be included in your research: ◦ Sources of information and services related to sexual and reproductive health ◦ As assessment of each of the sources related to various components such as availability, cost, reliability, anonymity, comfort level, etc.