ACADs (08-006) Covered Keywords Interpersonal Relations, Pre-job preparation, Area controls, Special Considerations, Airborne Radioactivity, Airborne Controls, Airborne Monitoring, Protective Clothing, Respiratory Protection, Dosimetry, Work Documents, Radioactive Material Handling, Radioactive Waste, Shipping Radioactive Material

Overview Interpersonal Relations Pre-job preparation Area controls work Coverage Duties and Responsibilities General controls

Overview Special Considerations Airborne Radioactivity Airborne Controls Airborne Monitoring Protective Clothing Respiratory Protection Dosimetry

Overview Work Documents Radioactive Material Handling Radioactive Waste Shipping Radioactive Material

Interpersonal Relations Book Report: Dale Carnegie How to Win Friends and Influence People

Interpersonal Relations Discuss and demonstrate the interpersonal skills required for successful performance of duties in the following situations: Job coverage Control Point Satellite control point Dealing with problems during work coverage

Pre-Job Preparation Evaluate the use of temporary shielding for specific jobs applications. Shielding for different radiation types – Alpha Paper Layer of dead skin

Pre-Job Preparation – Beta Low Z-number material – Plastic – Aluminum

Pre-Job Preparation – Gamma High Z-Number material Lead Steel Depleted Uranium

Pre-Job Preparation – Neutron – Hydrogenous material » Water » Oil – Neutron absorbers » Boron » Borated materials

Pre-Job Preparation Scenario Job: QA walkthrough and inspection of area housekeeping and cleanliness. Includes inspection of several rooms including one room posted High Radiation Area. The inspection of the valve room is expected to take less than five minutes.

Pre-Job Preparation Room: Remotely operated valve in the middle of an 8’x8’ room has a contact dose rate of 500 mrem/hour and a 30-cm dose rate of 150 mrem/hour.

Pre-Job Preparation Should we consider shielding the valve for the inspection? Why or why not?

Homework

Pre-Job Preparation Job: Disassemble pump in a High Radiation Area pump room. At any given time there will be up to five people in the room. The job is expected to take approximately two weeks from start to finish, with approximately 400 man-hours spent in the room.

Pre-Job Preparation Room: contains four pumps and associated piping. Several hot spots from 300 mrem/hour to 2000 mrem/hour.

Pre-Job Preparation Should we consider shielding the hot spots? What factors need to be considered?

Pre-Job Preparation Considerations: – Structural strength of the piping where shielding will be hung – Do we shield all the hot spots? – Just the hottest ones? – Just the ones closest to the work? – Is shadow shielding possible? – Are there other methods for reducing exposure that might work for this evolution?

Pre-Job Preparation Describe the in-process radiological surveys to be performed under various radiological conditions, including radiation surveys, contamination surveys, and airborne radioactivity surveys.

Radiation Surveys Radiation surveys Establishing area conditions and low-dose standby areas Movement of sources Concentration of sources Operating valves Entry into previously unsurveyed areas

Where to Survey Components being worked on Nearby piping and components Locations where workers are positioned Path to and from the work site Low dose areas Hot spots Potentially transient dose rate areas (resin lines, drain lines, movement of sources).

Contamination Surveys Opening systems Exposing surfaces Entering unsurveyed areas

Where to Survey Surfaces being worked on Nearby piping and components Locations where workers are positioned Path to and from the work site Newly exposed surfaces Potentially contaminated surfaces

Air Sampling Work in high contamination Work with the potential to cause airborne radioactivity Other work in the area or plant conditions may cause airborne radioactivity Verification (Negative data)

Where to Survey Breathing zone Downwind of source General area Outside of posted area to verify posting

Unexpected Levels Higher than expected dose rates Higher than expected contamination levels

What do you do? Reevaluate – Dosimetry – Controls – Shielding – Survey frequencies – PPE requirements

What Else? Review available dose of crew Consider stopping the job May need a new RWP Resurvey with a different instrument

Context

Area Controls Discuss proper job coverage and radiological protection measures for high-exposure jobs and potential high-exposure jobs, such as the following:

Area Controls Steam generator maintenance (PWR) Reactor coolant pump seal replacement (PWR) Reactor water cleanup pump maintenance (BWR) Recirculation pump seal replacement (BWR)

Area Controls Reactor internal pump maintenance (ABWR) Control rod driver maintenance (BWR and ABWR) Diving operations Spent resin transfer operations

Area Controls Spent fuel movements In-core detector maintenance Work in or around the spent fuel pool

Area Controls Describe actions required when personnel leave a work site upon completion of radiological work, such as:

Area Controls Packaging, marking, and transferring contaminated tools, equipment, and trash Removing protective clothing Monitoring for contamination Returning special dosimetry Signing out of the RWP Notifying radiological protections personnel of job completion

Context

Work Coverage Discuss plant access control procedures for entry into the following for the performance of work:

Work Coverage Controlled Area Radiological Restricted Area Restricted Area Radiation Area

Work Coverage High radiation area Very high radiation area Contaminated area Airborne radioactivity area

Work Coverage Discuss requirements for conducting prejob briefings for radiological work Include discussion of the following:

Work Coverage When are briefings required Frequency of briefings for ongoing work Required attendance (who has to be there?) Items to be dicussed Importance of resolving all questions

Work Coverage Explain actions to be taken if work scope changes from RWP.

Work Coverage Explain actions to be taken if work location differs from RWP.

Work Coverage Explain the importance of Stop Work Authority. Describe the appropriate use of Stop Work Authority

Context

Duties and Responsibilities Describe the methods used to invoke radiological protection requirements, such as

Duties and Responsibilities Steps in written procedures Radiation work permits Verbal instructions from the supervisor Verbal instruction from radiological protection personnel.

Duties and Responsibilities Explain the responsibilities of the following personnel regarding specifying, complying with, monitoring, and enforcing radiological protection and ALARA requirements:

Duties and Responsibilities Worker Worker Supervisor Radiological Protection Technician RPT Supervisor

Duties and Responsibilities Discuss the conditions under which each of the following is to be invoked during radiological work:

Duties and Responsibilities Continuous RPT coverage Intermittent RP technician coverage RP technician present at start of job No RP technician coverage Advanced radiation worker coverage

General Controls Identify the pre-job radiological survey requirements for the work operation to be performed. Based on the results of the pre- job surveys and the scope of work, identify or evaluate the need for the following:

General Controls Formal ALARA review Pre-job briefing Dosimetry placement Protective clothing Respiratory protection

General Controls Special controls for: – Contamination control – Exposure reduction – Airborne Continuous coverage In-process surveys Radiological hold points

General Controls Describe precations to control airborne radioactivity: – Special ventilation – Containment devices – Area decontamination – Work underwater, or keep surface wet

General Controls Describe precautions to be used to minimize the spread of radioactive contamination – Containment devices – Protective clothing – Disposable coverings in job site preparation

General Controls Describe special precautions to control or reduce exposures, such as: – Use of stay times and timekeepers – Continuous coverage – Alarming dosimeters or dose rate meters – Temporary shielding – Low dose waiting areas – Removal of sources

Airborne Radioactivity Identify the isotopes of primary concern for airborne radioactivity – H3, Co-58, Co-60, Cs-134, Cs-137, I-131

Airborne Radioactivity Describe the Requirements for posting airborne radioactivity areas (10CFR20) Explain the differences between different types of airborne radioactivity (particulate, iodine, tritium and noble gases) Explain the differences in monitoring different types of airborne radioactivity

Airborne Radioactivity Describe the method for determining the derived air concentration (DAC), DAC-hours, and annual limit on intake (ALI) for a worker in an airborne radioactivity area.

Airborne Controls Identify work situations and practices that could produce airborne radioactivity, such as: – Opening a contaminated system – Working in highly contaminated areas – Cutting, grinding, or welding on contaminated surfaces – Leaks from contaminated systems

Airborne Controls Describe controls that can reduce exposure to airborne radioactivity – Filtered ventilation – Decontamination – Containment devices – Repair leaks – Work under water or keep work wet – Respirator (last resort)

Airborne Monitoring Explain the difference between low-volume, high-volume, and lapel air samples. Explain how and when each is used.

Airborne Monitoring Discuss the differences between paper filters and charcoal filters and when each is used. Discuss the purpose of using a continuous air monitor and identify situation in which continuous air monitors are to be used Evaluate trends in airborne radioactivity based on sampling results

Airborne Monitoring Discuss methods for tracking exposure to airborne radioactivity, including: – Levels at which monitoring is required – Sampling requirements – Use of protection factors – Documentation of exposure, – Timekeeping – Reporting and summing exposures

Context

Protective Clothing Identify and explain the factors determining the need for and type of protective clothing – Contamination levels – Position of the worker – Presence of airborne radioactivity – Presence of liquid – Type of work – Environmental conditions and “total risk.”

Protective Clothing Identify measures to take when protective clothing is used in conditions that could result in heat stress.

Respiratory Protection Define protection factor (10CFR20)

Respiratory Protection Identify the protection factors, advantages and disadvantages of the following respirators: Full-face Negative Pressure Full-face positive pressure Full-face-airline Airline (bubble) hood respirator Self-contained breathing apparatus

Respiratory Protection Identify requirements and individual must meet before being issued a respirator – Training – Physical examination – Quantitative fit test

Respiratory Protection Describe conditions under which each type of respiratory protection must be used – Oxygen deficiency? – IDLH?

Respiratory Protection Identify and explain the factors that determine the need for and type of respiratory equipment to be used during radiological work such as:

Respiratory Protection Airborne levels Type of airborne radioactivity Contamination levels Wet or dry? Protection factor Duration of the job

Respiratory Protection Type of work being performed (welding, grinding, cutting) The impact of decreased worker efficiency, resulting in increased whole body exposure Applicability of portable ventilation instead of respirators

Communication

Dosimetry Explain how the type and location of whole- body dosimetry is determined for body position and dose rate gradient

Dosimetry Identify the criteria used to determine tha need for multiple badging or for extremity monitoring Discuss the use of lapel air samples

Work Documents Explain the purpose of radiation work permits (RWP) Explain the difference between “standing” and job-specific RWPs

Work Documents I d entify the information to be included on an RWP, such as: – Scope of work – Radiological conditions – Dose action levels – Hot spots – Authorized personnel – Dosimetry requirements

Work Documents Respiratory protection requirements Protective clothing requirements RWP expiration date Radiological coverage and notifications Special precautions, limitations and restrictions

Work Documents Explain the purpose of having each worker read and sign the RWP Demonstrate actions that should be taken if radiological conditions at the job site are significantly different from those shown on the RWP

Communication

Radioactive Material Handling Identify the packaging, marking and labeling requirements for storing radioactive materials.

Radioactive Material Handling Identify NRC-licensed radioactive materials that require special controls, and discuss the controls required Describe the approval and posting requirements for radioactive material areas and radioactive material storage areas.

Radioactive Material Handling Identify special precautions and restrictions for storing radioactive materials outdoors.

Radioactive Material Handling Describe the controls over radioactive effluent releases, including: – Liquid and gaseous radioactivity release paths – Radiation monitors to detect and measure releases – Procedure controls and records associated with releases – Use of DAC and technical specification (tech spec) limits – Radiological environmental “tech specs”

Radioactive Waste Describe plant systems for storing and processing radioactive liquid waste Explain the radiological protection requirements associated with processing liquid wastes using:

Radioactive Waste Explain the radiological protection requirements associated with processing liquid wastes using: – Evaporators – Solidification of evaporated bottoms – Transfer of demineralizer resin to shipping casks – Dewatering and solidification of resins

Radioactive Waste Describe the radiological protection requirements for operating a radioactive waste compactor

Radioactive Waste Identify and explain techniques for reducing the volume of radioactive solid waste generated, such as:

Radioactive Waste Minimize material entering radiological areas Decontamination Segregating non-radioactive waste Reuse cloth rags, shoe covers, bags, PCs Compaction Hot Tool Room Remove packing materials outside the radiologically restricted area

Shipping Radioactive Material Identify regulations and procedures for shipping and receiving radioactive materials

Shipping Radioactive Material Define the following terms related to shipping radioactive material: Type A and Type B Low Specific Activity Limited Quantity Exempt Quantity Special Form and Normal Form

Shipping Radioactive Material Discuss regulatory limits for radiation levels and contamination levels for packages and vehicles while in transit.