K.Nur Kasapo ğ lu Ece Yalçın

 The history of cleansing products can be broadly defined in two headings:  History of soaps  History of detergents

 The prehistoric people knew something about cleansing properties of water, such that it rinsed mud of their hands and body  Some plants have leaves, which produce sapions and chemical compounds that give a soapy lather. These compounds were probably the first detergents that people used

 Ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Moses used soap like materials also for the treatment of different skin diseases as well as washing  In modern times, the usage of soaps/detergents has become wide due to the importance of hygiene in reducing pathogenic microorganisms

 Detergents were originally called "synthetic" detergents, because they were put together chemically  Soon after World War I, in Germany, soap industry began to develop synthetic detergents as a way to deal with the dual problems of …………… ?

1. competing with the food and feed industries for a limited supply of natural fats and oils, 2. poor cleaning performance in areas with hard waters

 In 1946, the first "built" detergents containing a surfactant/builder combination were introduced in the U.S. Which contains phosphate compounds used as builders

SOAP:  generally produced with natural products and require very less energy in the manufacturing process  have a pH of 9.5 to 10 (alkaline) that makes them effective cleansing agents and eliminates the requirement for harmful antibacterial chemicals and preservatives

soaps detergents  They are metal salts of long chain higher fatty acids.  prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats.  cannot be used effectively in hard water as they produce scum i.e., insoluble precipitates of Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Fe 2+ etc.  cleansing action is not as strong as that of detergents.  biodegradable.  They are sodium salts of long chain hydrocarbons.  prepared from petroleum or coal.  do not produce insoluble precipitates in hard water.  cleansing action is by surfactants.  Some of are not biodegradable.

Structure of the soap: Structure of the detergents:

 What are detergents?  organic compounds which have both polar and non-polar characteristics  three types: anionic, cationic, and non- ionic  two kinds of detergents with different characteristics: phosphate detergents and surfactant detergents

 Detergents that contain phosphates are caustic, and surfactant detergents are toxic.  Surfactant detergents are used to enhance the wetting, foaming, dispersing and emulsifying  Phosphate detergents are used to soften hard water and help suspend dirt in water

 Fats  Alkalies  Glycerin  Surfactants or Surface Active Agents  Detergent Builders  Detergent Boosters  Detergent Fillers  Rinse Agents  Film Removers  Lime & Rust Removers  Emulsifiers  Dry Cleaning Fluid  Conditioning Agent  Bleaches & Compounds  Ammonia

 These different ingredients have different functions and end products  For example, toilet soaps may contain antimicrobial agents to kill or inhibit bacteria, which can cause odor or disease  A detergent is a better cleaning product as it contains one or more surfactants

 Three types of energies are required for effective cleaning  Chemical energy - Provided by a soap or detergent  Thermal energy - Provided by warm or hot water  Mechanical energy - Provided by a machine or hands

 In cleaning process, the hydrophobic part interacts with dirt and hydrophilic part interacts with water molecules  Surrounded dirt attracted by soap and dissolved in water therefore leave the fabric

 The source of much of the pollution is said to be detergents  Dust present during production and transfer of the bulk powdered detergent can be a serious problem

 Detergents have a huge effect on water pollution  Not biodegradable since they are resistant to the action of biological agents  tendency to produce stable foams in rivers

 tend to inhibit oxidation of organic substances present in wastewaters because they form a sort of envelope around them  changes in water quality with the high levels of phosphorus

 the manufacturing method itself can be a problem because of wastes  Pollutant ingredients are determined as:  Presence of phosphate  Presence of dyes  Presence of bleaching agents in the detergents.

 Human skin has lots of blood vessels and nerves, when the skin contacts with chemicals, many health problems occur  Chemicals can be absorbed by all organs in the body in 26 seconds  According to some news detergents even cause sterility

 If the companies prefer the cheaper chemicals and derivatives of petroleum may result cancerogenic problems and acne and skin breakouts  Biting odour of detergents may cause some inhalation problems such as asthma  Chlorine in detergants may cause headhache, exhoustion and humidifier fewer

 To remove the disagreeable odour of chemicals, detergents have cheap, synthetic and artificial fragrances  These products are added with preservatives and antibacterial agents (to increase their shelf life) that make the detergents frequent causes of allergies and reactions

 When companies use the cheaper materials, they can remain without disintegration and goes the soil and river directly  And this threats the living organisms in those areas and the human being also

 The chemical DDC used in detergents which is also not disintegrate and collects in the nature, cause lots of environmental and health problems.  When the chlorine inside goes to canalization system it combines with other chemicals and produce trihalomethane which is too dangerous

 Phosphate in detergents goes the water systems and collects on sea as harmful blue-green algs and cause to death of living organisms

 The use of detergents can never be a completely non-polluting activity!!!

This is the end of our presentation thank you for your attention…