Europeanization v. academic freedom in higher education in Poland 4/19/2017 9:59 PM Europeanization v. academic freedom in higher education in Poland Dr. Anna Budnik University of Bialystok, Faculty of Law Poland © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Definitions Academic freedom - the custom and practice that accords university professors and, to a lesser degree, school teachers; the freedom to teach and conduct research without interference of administrators, government officials, or other outside parties; Doctrine that professors and students are free to inquire, to learn, and to teach in a climate of judgmental neutrality; to teach in the absence of political, religious, or social censorship. Derived from the German concepts of Lernfreiheit (uncontrolled study) and Lehrfreiheit (freedom of teaching).

Definitions Europeanisation “incremental process reorienting the direction and shape of politics to the degree that EC political and economic dynamics become part of the organizational logic of national politics and policy-making”. (Ladrech) “the emergence and development at the European level of distinct structures of governance, that is, of political, legal and social institutions associated with political problem solving that formalizes interactions among the actors, and of policy networks specializing in the creation of authoritative European rules” (Risse, Cowles and Caporaso)

Higher Education in Poland between 1949-1990 Centralization Full responsibility before the Minister for Higher Education No non-public sector of higher education

Higher Education after 1990 the Act on Higher Education of 14 September 1990 Rebuilt higher education autonomy the Minister lost his functions regarding elections of university bodies Allowed creation of non-public HEIs

Constitution of the Republic of Poland Art. 70 para. 2 Education in public schools shall be without payment. Statutes may allow for payments for certain services provided by public institutions of higher education. Article 70 para 3 (…) Citizens and institutions shall have the right to establish primary and secondary schools and institutions of higher education and educational development institutions. The conditions for establishing and operating non-public schools, the participation of public authorities in their financing, as well as the principles of educational supervision of such schools and educational development institutions, shall be specified by statute. Article 70 para 4 Public authorities shall ensure universal and equal access to education for citizens. To this end, they shall establish and support systems for individual financial and organizational assistance to pupils and students. The conditions for providing of such assistance shall be specified by statute. Article 70 para 5 The autonomy of the institutions of higher education shall be ensured in accordance with principles specified by statute

the Law on higher education of 27 July 2005

Non-public HEIs In 1990 there were only 400.000 students Within first eight years 150 new private HEIs were created Non-public he sector between 1990-1997 expanding higher education market with increasing student demand low degree of rivalry between providers low barriers to entry absence of state financial support for non-state HEIs limited range of study fields and focusing on high-demand low-cost vocational study programs at medium or low tuition fees levels. Non-public sector between 1997-2004 mature higher education market stable student demand high degree rivalry between providers absence of state financial support for private higher education steady sales growth strategy, focusing on the entire market rather than selected student marke

Non-public HEIs In 1990 there were only 400.000 students Within first eight years 150 new private HEIs were created Non-public he sector between 1990-1997 expanding higher education market with increasing student demand low degree of rivalry between providers low barriers to entry absence of state financial support for non-state HEIs limited range of study fields and focusing on high-demand low-cost vocational study programs at medium or low tuition fees levels. Non-public sector between 1997-2004 mature higher education market stable student demand high degree rivalry between providers absence of state financial support for private higher education steady sales growth strategy, focusing on the entire market rather than selected student marke

The number of HEIs Public HEIs Non-public HEIs 1990/1991 100 2013/2014 132 1997/98 146 1998/99 158 1999/00 174 2000/01 195 2001/02 221 2002/03 252 2003/04 274 2004/05 301 2005/06 315 2006/07 318 2007/08 324 2008/09 325 2009/10 330 2010/11 328 2011/12 328 2012/13 321 2013/14 306 398 562

The number of students after 1990 1990/1991................................... 403 824 1991/1992................................... 428 159 992/1993................................... …495 729 1993/1994................................... 584 009 1994/1995................................... 682 200 1995/1996................................... 794 642 1996/1997................................... 927 480 1997/1998................................... 1 091 841 1998/1999................................... 1 273 955 1999/2000................................... 1 431 871 2000/2001................................... 1 584 804 2001/2002................................... 1 718 747 2002/2003................................... 1 800 548 2003/2004................................... 1 858 680 2004/2005................................... 1 926 122 2005/2006................................... 1 953 832 2006/2007................................... 1 941 445 2007/2008................................... 1 937 404 2008/2009................................... 1 927 762 2009/2010................................... 1 900 014 2010/2011................................... 1 841 251 2011/2012................................... 1 764 060 2012/2013................................... 1 676 927 2013/2014.................................1 549 877

Europeanization of HE Academic year number of international students 1995/1996 ................................. 5 202 697 2000/2001 ................................. 6 563 892 2001/2002 ................................. 7 380 1 002 2002/2003 ................................. 7 608 1 307 2003/2004 ................................. 8 106 1 178 2004/2005 ................................. 8 829 1 326 2005/2006 ................................. 10 092 1 306 2006/2007 ................................. 11 752 1 489 2007/2008 ................................. 13 695 1 774 2008/2009 ................................. 15 862 2 210 2009/2010 ................................. 17 000 2 833 2010/2011 ................................. 21 474 3 364 2011/2012 ................................. 24 253 3 964 2012/2013 ................................. 29 172 4 867 2013/2014 ................................. 35 983

The Bologna Process The Bologna Declaration, 1999 30 ministers for higher education decided to create the European Higher Education Area by 2010 Aims: a system of academic degrees that are easy to recognize and compare. It includes the introduction of a shared diploma supplement to improve transparency; creation of the European Qualification Framework a system based essentially on two cycles: a first cycle geared to the labour market and lasting at least three years, and a second cycle (Master) conditional on the completion of the first cycle; a system of accumulation and transfer of credits of the ECTS type used in the Erasmus exchange scheme; mobility of students, teachers and researchers: elimination of all obstacles to freedom of movement; cooperation with regard to quality assurance; the European dimension in higher education: increase the number of modules and teaching and study areas where the content, guidance or organization has a European dimension providing equal opportunities to quality education Lifelong learning

The “new” Law on Higher Education The Law on Higher Education of 27 July 2005 and subsequent amendments to this act approved 2011 Everything is regulated by the Law on Higher Education statute and dozens of regulations issued by the Minister for Science and Higher Education

Programme design Polish Higher Institutions have never had full autonomy in starting new programms of study Before 2011 the names of courses were defined by the Minister responsible for higher education In 2011 the Law on higher education abolished the competence of the Minister to issue the names and requirements for university programs but the National Qualification Framework for Higher Education was created

The Quality of Higher Education evaluation of higher education quality is closely connected with the accreditation process The Polish Accreditation Committee (PAC) is responsible for both: evaluation and accreditation Since 2011 the PAC is responsible for newly created two types of assessment: program control and institutional control; In 2011 conditions of the two types of evaluation were determined by the Ministry

Financing HE and science as of 2013 Financing of higher education - 0,7 % GDP Financing of science - 0,44 % GDP