CANCER

Cancer Statistics –Second leading cause of death –1 in 3 will develop cancer, 1 in 5 will die –Approx. 556,500 Americans die each year from cancer –Approx. 1.3 million will be diagnosed with cancer –African Americans have the highest mortality rates of cancer –Increased rates of cancer may be due to Better diagnostic tools Aging population Exposure to carcinogens in the environment

Cancer Abnormal cell growth Overtake healthy cells and destroy the organs involved

Types of tumors Benign –Grows slowly Still can kill ie. Brain tumors –Tumor cells are tightly bound Malignant –Cells are loosely bound –May spread easily to other organs

How Cancer Spreads Metastasis – cancerous cells break away from the primary tumor and spread to other organs –Lymphatic system –Blood stream

Types of Cancer Carcinoma – 85% of cancers –Organs, skin, nerves, membranes Sarcomas – 2% of cancers –Bone, blood, connective tissue Lymphomas – lymphatic cells –Hodgkins disease Leukemia – blood and blood forming tissue Melanomas – skin cancer

Survival Rates Cured means no sign of cancer 5 years after treatment Early detection is the key to survival Lung cancer – lowest survival rate –15% live five years after diagnosis Colon and rectal cancer –93% for colon cancer and 77% survive rectal cancer Breast cancer –98% survival rate with early detection, otherwise may drop to 25% Ovarian cancer –85% survival with early detection versus 30%

General Treatment Surgery –Removal of cancerous tissue Radiation therapy –High energy doses to kill cancer cells Chemotherapy –Medicine that kills the cancer cells May block blood supply to tumor and prevent development of new blood vessels –Unpleasant side effects Immunotherapy –Bolster immune system to destroy the cancer cells

Lung Cancer Lowest survival rate Early detection is difficult Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women –Female lung cancer rates have decreased 2% year since 1998 –Death rates for women unchanged since 1995 Smoking causes over 85% of lung cancer in men Alters the genetic material of the pulmonary cells Smoking paralyzes the cilia in the lungs The earlier you start smoking, the greater damage to the genetic material Treatment is surgery, radiation and chemotherapy

CILIA

Lungs

Breast Cancer High survival rate if it is detected early Approx 215,000 women/yr in USA diagnosed with breast cancer 40,000 die each yr One in 8 women develop breast cancer, 1 in 25 will die from it

Breast Cancer Women at risk: –History of breast cancer –Genetic mutation BRCA1 or BRCA2 –Family history –Benign breast disease –Dense breast tissue –First child at 30 or older or no children –Early menarche before the age of 12

Breast Cancer Women at risk –Alcohol consumption – more then 2-5 drinks per day –Diet high in saturated fats –Weight gain of lbs during pregnancy –HRT –Obesity 2/3 of women over 50 are overweight Estimate that weight contributes to 1/3 to1/2 of all breast cancer deaths Smokers –One pack per day increases your risk 4-5 times Breast cancer in men

Breast Cancer Prevention –Monthly breast self exam –Preformed one week after the end of the menstrual cycle

Breast Cancer Monthly breast self exam

Breast Cancer Prevention –Mammography –Yearly mammogram starting at age 40

Breast Cancer

Treatment –Needle biopsy –Surgery –Chemotherapy –Radiation

Breast Cancer Surgery

Cervical Cancer Cancer in the cervical area of the uterus –13,000 yr diagnosed –4000 deaths per year

Cervical Cancer Risk factors –Lower socioeconomic status –Sexually active before 18 –Multiple partners –Women with herpes virus –Women with human papilloma virus

Cervical Cancer Prevention –PAP smear Minimum requirement is once every three years after you have had two normal pap smears one year apart –Cervical cancer vaccine

Ovarian Cancer Cancer of the ovaries –85% survival if detected early –30% survival if it has spread

Ovarian Cancer Prevention –Women need to have regular medical exams to pick up early symptoms –Early detection difficult because of vague symptoms –HRT for menopausal symptoms may increase ovarian cancer rates by 30% Treatment –Surgery, chemotherapy

Men’s Health In general men fail to get routine check-ups and delay care 1 in 3 men have no regular MD 50% of men did not have a physical or cholesterol checked in the previous yr. Men over 50 –6 in 10 have not been screened for colon cancer –4 in 10 have not been screened for prostate cancer

Prostate Cancer Approx. 232,000 new cases each year, 30,000 die each year Risk factors –Age over 50 –Family history –Afro-Americans –High fat diet –BRCA 1 and 2 mutations –Obesity

Prostate Cancer

Prevention –PSA – prostate specific antigen, blood test Men over 50 should have it done yearly African Americans should have it done yearly over the age of 40 Routine PSA would reduce deaths by 69% –Digital rectal exam Should be done yearly Treatment –Surgery –Radiation –chemotherapy

Testicular Cancer Occurs in men between yrs Kills 42,000/yr Greater risk if there is a family history Treatment includes surgery, chemo, radiation

Testicular Self Exam Every 6-8 Weeks

Colon Cancer Five year survival rate –Early detection 93% –150,000 diagnosed every year in California

Colon Cancer Risk factors –Genetic predisposition –Diet High in red meat Low in veggies and fruit –Smoking Prevention –Sigmoidoscopy Over 50 years, one every 3-5 yrs –Digital rectal exam Looking for blood in the stool –Low dose ASA Decreases rates of polyps

Colon Cancer

Skin Cancer 96% cure rate with early detection versus 16 % with late detection Most common type of cancer One million cases diagnosed per year in the US 10,590 deaths per year in US

Skin Cancer Basal cell carcinoma –Most common type, one million new cases/yr –80% of new cases of skin cancer –Found in areas exposed to the sun, face, neck, arms, ears, hands –Small bump on skin that may bleed or crust over

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Skin Cancer Squamous cell carcinoma –Second most common –16% of new cases –On ears, face, lips, mouth –Red, scaly patches

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Skin Cancer Melanoma –4% of cases –50,000 per year diagnosed in US 5000 cases/yr in California –7700 die each year Most common cancer in women between –Most dangerous and spreads rapidly –Found mainly on back, chest, abdomen, legs –Brown or black spot or bump –Irregular color or shape –Bleeds easily

Skin Cancer Risk factors for melanoma –Blistering sunburn before the age of 20 –U/V radiation through sun exposure or tanning beds –Family or personal history of melanoma –Fair complexion –Blue or green eyes –Blond or red hair –People with numerous moles

Melanoma

Sun Protection SPF 15 for face and lips 90% of visible aging due to the sun Avoid sun between 10-3 Apply sunscreen 30 min. before exposure –Reapply every 2 hours –Use sunscreen with UVA and UVB protection Wear protective clothing Avoid tanning salons –Visiting tanning salon once or more a month increases the rate of melanoma by 55%

Sun Protection

Skin Cancer Early detection –A – asymmetry –B – border Irregular, notched, scallop, jagged –C – color More then one color, brown and black –D – diameter Larger then 6 mm, size of the tip of a pencil eraser Treatment –Surgery –Chemotherapy

General Prevention Diet –5-6 servings per day of fruit and veggies –Low fat –Reduce amount of high fat red meat –Increase fiber Provides bulk to quickly move food through colon –Decreases rate of colon cancer –Eliminate salt cured foods Bacon, ham, sausage, lunch meats, hot dogs Use nitrates to preserve pink color, but linked to cancer –Increase fish

General Prevention Obesity –Accounts for 14% of cancer in men and 20% cancer in women –Fat leads to overproduction of estrogen and steroid hormones linked to breast, endocrine cancer –Leads to increase insulin production associated with cancer –Linked to colon, rectal, prostate, endometrial, kidney and breast cancer

General Prevention Alcohol –Related to cancer of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, larynx, liver –Heavy drinkers who smoke have a 15 times increase risk of developing cancer then non-smokers and non-drinkers

General Prevention Drugs –Estrogen linked to uterine and breast cancer –DES Pollution –Contaminated water –Asbestos

7 Warning Signs C hange in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal U nusual bleeding or discharge T hickening or lump in the breast I ndigestion or difficulty swallowing O bvious change or discharge in a mole N agging cough or hoarseness

Steps to Decrease Risk of Cancer Stop smoking Alcohol in moderation Eat more vegetables Eat high fiber foods Eat more foods with vitamin A, C Avoid obesity Decrease fat in diet Eat fewer salt cured, smoked or nitrate cured foods Stay out of the sun