“Thousands have lived without love, no one without water.” Water Disputes “Thousands have lived without love, no one without water.”

Water Disputes History 1947 Punjab, Sindh and Bahawalpur were dependant of the water of Madhupur and Feropur head works Madhupur Ravi, upper bari doaab Feropur Satlug ,Lower barri doaab ,Debalpur, Eserman Stream for Bahawapur Committee B (Responsible for division of Punjab) decleared ,water disputes ;settled ! Punjab High Court Judges, Justice Din Muhammad and Justice Muhammad Munir, both nominees of the Muslim League, and Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan and Justice Teja Singh (nominees of the Indian National Congress).

Cont… Tenure of Commission ended on 31-03-1948 and India stopped water on 01-04-1948 04-05-1948 water restored on humanitarian grounds Ch.Muhammad Ali “it was criminal negligence” by Committee-B (emergence of Pakistan) 1954 foil attempt of WB to settle the issue 1958, Water was stopped again

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Indus River System, Sutlej, Ravi, Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Indus – 168 MAF (pre-partition). Punjab Irrigation System – the largest Irrigation Network Drawing 107,350 cusecs from Indus River System. Important Headworks at Ferozepure and Madhupur which fed about 1.7 million Acres in Western Punjab (Pakistan) were given to Eastern Punjab (India). Chairman Boundary Commission Cyril Radcliffe assumed in his award that existing system will continue. “I think it only right to express the hope that, where the drawing of a boundary line cannot avoid disrupting such unitary services as canal irrigation, railways and electric power transmission, a solution may be found between the two states for some joint control of what has hitherto been a valuable common service.”

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Committee on “Division of Physical Assets” was formed to settle questions of future management of joint assets by Punjab Partition Committee The Committee gave a unanimous report on the issue of post partition water shares of East & West Punjab. “The Committee is agreed that there is no question of varying the authorized shares of water to which the two zones and various canals are authorized.” Accordingly a standstill agreement “to continue status quo till 31st March 1948” was made between Chief Engineers (designate) of East and West Punjab At the expiry of standstill agreement India severed supplies to Pakistan from Madhupur and Ferozpur Headworks on 1st April 1948

Pakistan India’s Claim CLAIM OF PARTIES Pakistan Existing (Historical) uses to be sacred Excess water could be divided according to area and population etc. The principle had support of several treaties India’s Claim Upper riparian has an absolute right Lower riparian can only get it under an agreement or treaty

World Bank’s offer to the two Prime Ministers – 6th September, 1951 RESOLUTION OF DISPUTE World Bank’s offer to the two Prime Ministers – 6th September, 1951 Difficulties in resolution World Bank’s proposal – 5th February, 1954 Resolution in terms of Treaty Contribution by friendly countries for Replacement Works

World Bank to provide grants and loans to construct replacement works BASIS FOR RESOLUTION Due to the availability of water in Western Rivers, the replacement works could be a solution World Bank to provide grants and loans to construct replacement works Independent control and regulation of works

EXCAVATION (MILLION CU. YDS.) REPLACEMENT WORKS LINK CANALS LINK CANALS CAPACITY (CUSECS) LENGTH (MILES) EXCAVATION (MILLION CU. YDS.) 1. TRIMMU-SIDHNAI 11,000 44 21.0 2. SIDHNAI-MAILSI 10,100 62 31.3 3. MAILSI-BAHAWAL 3,900 10 2.4 4. RASUL-QADIRABAD 19,000 30 38.3 5. QADIRABAD-BALLOKI 18,600 80 80.3 6. L.C.C. FEEDER 4,100 20 8.0 7. BOLLIKI-SULEIMANDE-II 6,500 39 20.5 8. CHASHMA-JHELUM 21,700 63 118.9 9. TAUNSA-PANJNAD 12,000 38 22.5 Cont…/2

FLOOD OF RECORD (CUSECS) LENGTH OF BARRAGE (FEET) REPLACEMENT WORKS BARRAGES BARRAGE RIVER FLOOD OF RECORD (CUSECS) DESIGN FLOOD (CUSECS) LENGTH OF BARRAGE (FEET) 1. SIDHNAI RAVI 167,000 712 2. MAILSI SIPHON SUTLEJ 427,000 429,000 1601 3. QADIRABAD CHENAB 912,000 900,000 3373 4. RASUL JHELUM 876,000 850,000 3209 5. CHASHMA INDUS 1176,000 950,000 3556 6. MARALA 1023,000 1100,000 4472   Cont…/3

GROSS STORAGE CAPACITY REPLACEMENT WORKS STORAGE RESERVOIRS STORAGE RIVER GROSS STORAGE CAPACITY (MILLION ACRE FEET) 1. MANGLA JHELUM 4.674 2. CHASHMA INDUS 0.497 3. TARBELA 8.192  

SCOPE OF TREATY Rights and Obligations of Parties Agricultural Uses on Western Rivers Hydroelectric Works Storage Works Settlement of Differences and Disputes Modification of Treaty

EASTERN AND WESTERN RIVERS Eastern Rivers Ravi Sutlej Beas Western Rivers Indus Jhelum Chenab

PROVISIONS REGARDING WESTERN RIVERS (INDUS, JHELUM AND CHENAB) (1) Pakistan shall receive for unrestricted use all waters of Western Rivers (2) India shall not interfere with the waters of Western Rivers except for following uses: (a) Domestic Use (b) Non-Consumptive use (c) Agricultural Use (limited) (d) Generation of Hydro-electric Power (e) Storage Works (limited)

INDIA’S APPROACH TO TREATY OBLIGATIONS Being a winner, India response was positive Officers of combined Punjab had good working relations After 1965 and 1971 war political environment shadowed technical issues. Intends dilution of Treaty provision

PAKISTAN’S APPROACH TO TREATY OBLIGATIONS Basis of the Treaty was a conflict between two nations The Treaty was a trade of Western & Eastern Rivers Being lower riparian needs protection of the Treaty Consider the Western rivers as a life line

Baglihar Dam Issue

PROVISIONS REGARDING WESTERN RIVERS (INDUS, JHELUM AND CHENAB) (1) PAKISTAN SHALL RECEIVE FOR UNRESTRICTED USE ALL WATERS OF WESTERN RIVERS (2) INDIA SHALL NOT INTERFERE WITH THE WATERS OF WESTERN RIVERS EXCEPT FOR FOLLOWING USES: (A) DOMESTIC USE (B) NON-CONSUMPTIVE USE (C) AGRICULTURAL USE (LIMITED) (D) GENERATION OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER (E) STORAGE WORKS (LIMITED)

FEATURES OF THE DAM QUESTIONED Freeboard Pondage Level of Power Intake Level and Size of Spillway Gates

OUTCOME/DECISION BY NEUTRAL EXPERT Freeboard India’s application of design criteria was wrong. Reduced freeboard by 33% (i.e. from 4.5 m to 3.0 m). Level of Power Intake India wrongly designed and located the power intake. Raised it by 3 m. Pondage Reduced pondage from 37.722 MCM to 32.56 MCM. Spillway India’s analysis is incorrect: “not representative of reality” and is “illusory”. NE suggested no change by invoking international practice and the state of the art.

CURRENT STATUS The Permanent Indus Commission recently undertook the Tour of Inspection to the site of Baglihar Hydroelectric Plant in order to verify the incorporation in the design of the Project the determination of the Neutral Expert. It was observed that all the changes in design as determined by the Neutral Expert have been incorporated. Decision in favor of INDIA

Wular Barrage Wular Lake barrage disrupts the flow of water into the Jhelum River, which flows into Pakistan because the capacity of the  Wular Lake barrage is 3.0MAF while according to the  proviso of an Indus water treaty, to construct an ‘incidental storage capacity’ the design has to be examined and approved by the Pakistan on one hand and the storage capacity does not exceed 0.1 MAF of water

Pakistan’s worry Wular Lake is situated in an Indian occupied Jummu and Kashmir and The River Jhelum flows into the lake According to Indus water treaty India has right to use the water of the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi before the point where the river enters into Pakistan whilst the Pakistan has the right over the Jhelum, the Chenab and the Indus river. Pakistan’s main worry was the barrage on that site could jeopardize and effectively damage the three canal system consisting of Upper Jhelum Canal, Upper Chenab Canal and Lower Bari Doab Canal

Kishanganga HEP

Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant At Jhelum River basin Bandipore in Jammu and Kashmir India and will have an installed capacity of 330 MW Construction on the project began in 2007 and is expected to be complete in 2016 Construction on the dam was halted though by the Hague's Permanent Court of Arbitration in October 2011 due to Pakistan's protest of its effect on the flow of the Kishanganga River ,called the Neelum River in Pakistan In February 2013, the Hague ruled that India could divert a minimum amount of water for power generation

India should think that dying cat can strike out the big dog Cont… The thought provoking point is why India initiates all projects on the water the rights of which have been given to the  Pakistan India should think that dying cat can strike out the big dog

Nature of Dispute of Water Initial failure of Boundary Commission Committee B The river water sharing was made an issue by the partition plan Indus Water Treaty- Lost three rivers Interpretation of clauses of IWT Control of Water Storage Flow Usage Diversion of flow Water as War tool Long last issue since 1947 Every settlement is after 3rd party interference Water adds to the importance of Kashmir

River system for Pakistan Pakistani dependence is many fold: 1) The foremost is Pakistani agricultural dependence. 2) The dams constructed en-route the rivers are the largest source of water supply for irrigation 3) The river water is used for hydroelectric power generation 4) The water is used for drinking. 5) Less importance is that the river water is used as source of sweet water fish in Pakistan.

Importance of Water Life line of Agriculture and Agriculture is life line of Economy Water Issue has two dimensions International- Non Availability of Water may hamper the Survival Dispute with India and Emerging dispute with Afghanistan Internal Dispute-May hamper the national Integration Distribution of Water Total Availability 147 MAF usage 102, Wastage 32 Silting of Mangla and Terbela (20-25%) Decrease in Table-Water (75 Meters) Largest Canals Irrigation System dependant on water from Rivers

Important issue to understand Rabi –Winter- October to March Khraif-Summer-April to September Mangla gets water from Jehlum-like eastern rivers is an Early river Terbela-Indus- is later river Kharif sowing season starts early in Sindh Sindh gets water from Terbela so Sindh cant get water for early Kharif so Sindh ask water from Mangla When Sindh needs water from Mangla it’s a time to fill Mangla for Punjab-for Rabi about 4 MAF, When Sindh needs water for Kharif sowing

“Thousands have lived without love, not one without water.” As W.H. Auden says: “Thousands have lived without love, not one without water.”