MINERALS What are they?

SAME STUFF?

What I think (before) What is a mineral? Are rocks and minerals the same?

The characteristics of minerals… 1. It is natural 2. It is a solid 3. It is inorganic – nonliving 4. It has a crystalline structure 5. It has a definite chemical composition.

Humans have always used minerals from the earth: Early artists made their own paints from red and yellow pigments present in soils, the minerals hematite and ochre. minerals Countries and trade companies battled over deposits of table salt, also called halite, in the East Indies. salt

Drywall, made of gypsum; Cement made out of lime or calcite; Aluminum from the mineral bauxite to make aluminum foil and soda cans. Don’t forget all the jewelry!

Mineral?

SnowCrystals.com

All substances made up of Atoms Elements Compounds See pR14

Matter …. Anything that has mass - -amount of matter (grams) And, has volume -amount of space occupied (liters or cm 3 )

All matter is made up of Atoms – building blocks

Parts of an atom: Center – nucleus - protons and neutrons Surrounded by electrons.

Elements: Only one type of atom Pure substances E.g. Gold, oxygen, silicon, copper, etc, See periodic table – list of all elements pR13

Compounds Made up of MOLECULES – 2 or more atoms chemically joined together –E.g. water: H 2 O, carbon dioxide: CO 2 –Quartz: SiO 4 Pure substance(only one type of particle)

Examples –Mineral: Silver – pure element –Mineral: Silicates – Compound of silicon, carbon and oxygen

CRYSTALS Solid, geometric forms, repeating pattern of atoms Kinds of atoms determine the arrangement The arrangement determine the crystal’s shape Each mineral has a definite crystal structure

Quartz

Halite

Crystals

Crystal Systems  Cubic  Hexagonal  Tetragonal  Orthorhombic  Monoclinic  Triclinic  Rhombohedral

Rocks and Minerals Same or different? Rocks are made of minerals!

ACTIVITY 1 On each Table is an object. Examine each object and determine which ones are minerals using the five questions on page of your text. Write your answers neatly in your notebook. Work QUIETLY!

How are Rocks and Minerals formed? Major factors: Temperature, Pressure, & Elements present. 1) From Molten Rock – Magma & Lava e.g. quartz, granite 2) By Metamorphism – e.g. graphite, diamond, 3) From Solution – Hot solutions cool, Precipitation. E.g. Gypsum, Halite, Dolomite, Gold

TYPES OF MINERALS Silicate Minerals – 90% of all minerals –Contain silicon and oxygen Non-silicate Minerals – Contain other minerals like carbon, iron, sulfur, etc Copy classes of Nonsilcate Minerals p147.

Silicates Contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) in silicate tetrahedron unit: SiO 4 "Obtained from (P&G website)"

Quartz Quartz (SiO 2 ) - Used to make computer chips. Rarely pure Many varieties Rose quartz, Smoky quartz, Amethyst, Milky quartzRose quartzSmoky quartzAmethystMilky quartz

Non-silicates A. Oxides - C ontain various types of elements bonded to oxygen (O -2 )Oxides –Corundum (Al 2 O 3 )Corundum a. One of the hardest naturally occurring minerals (H=9)H=9 b. Used as an abrasive c. Contains impurities d. Gem stones include: red=ruby and blue=sapphire - Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 )Hematite a. Streaks yield reddish color - Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) - Dark gray, MagneticMagnetite B. Sulfides 1. Sulfides contain various types of elements bonded to sulphur (S -2 )Sulfides - Pyrite (FeS 2 ) "fool's gold“ a. Gold color, Green streak, Brittle,Pyrite -. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) - Like pyrite, but more yellowish, Contains copperChalcopyrite -. Galena (PbS) - Greyish color, Very denseGalena -. Sphalerite (ZnS) (zinc sulfide) - Yellowish green streak, Powder has "rotten egg" odorSphalerite

C. Carbonates - Consist of various elements bonded to (CO 3 ) -2Carbonates -Calcite (CaCO 3 ) effervesces in HClCalcite -Dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ) effervesces in HCl when powderedDolomite D. Sulfates Sulfates consist of elements bonded to sulfate group (SO 4 ) -2Sulfates - Gypsum (CaSO 4 )--used in constructionGypsum

E. Halides - Halides consist of elements bonded to chlorine (Cl - ) or flourine (F - )Halides Halite (NaCl) Common table saltHalite Known as "rock salt," used to soften hard water Flourite (CaF 2 ) (Calcium flouride)- -used in manufacture of toothpasteFlourite F. Phosphates - Consist of elements bonded to a phosphate group (PO 4 ) -3Phosphates Apatite (Ca 5 (F,Cl,OH)PO 4 ) 3 --what teeth are made ofApatite G. Native Elements - Only one element gold(Au), copper(Cu), silver(Ag), sulphur(S), diamond and graphite(C),

Mineraloids Are similar to minerals, but have no crystalline structure Examples: Obsidian, limonite, flint, opal

Mining Minerals Mining – Extracting minerals from the earth Ore – Raw material containing mineral

2 Ways Minerals are Mined. 1. Surface Mining – Open pit

2. Underground mining

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