Rachelle Vaughn (rbv104) Feifan Chen (fqc5031) Mengjiao Zhang (myz5064) Linzi Wang (lxw5058) Silu Gao (sig5122) Newton’s Laws

Newton, Sir Isaac ( ) Newton, Sir Isaac ( ), English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, who is one of the most important scientists. Newton formulated laws of universal gravitation and motion. He established the modern study of optics and built the first reflecting telescope. His mathematical insights led him to invent the area of mathematics called calculus. Newton stated his ideas in several published works, two of which, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687) and Opticks (1704), are considered among the greatest scientific works ever produced. Newton's revolutionary contributions explained the workings of a large part of the physical world in mathematical terms, and they suggested that science may provide explanations for other phenomena as well.

One day when Newton was drinking tea in the garden, he saw an apple fall to the ground. He started thinking about why it fell, and finally concluded that the same force which caused the apple to fall also kept the moon in orbit around the earth. This same force, gravity, also kept the planets in orbit around the sun. The apple incident led to his basic laws of motion: An object in motion tends to remain in motion unless an external force stops it, an object moves in a straight line unless some force diverts it; and for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Discovery

We can see that Galileo showed people the existence of gravity of the earth, which is different from what Aristotle's theories. But his idea challenged the authority of church, so he was put to death. The predominate thinking at that time was, the earth was created by the God. People tended to think force is a necessary factor for keeping a object in motion. This concept was brought up by a Greek philosopher named Aristotle who was a student of Plato. Predominant view

1. Newton’s 1 st law : A body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. (This means that in the absence of a non-zero net force, the center of mass of a body either remains at rest, or moves at a constant speed in a straight line.) Newton’s Laws Definition:

2. Newton’s 2nd law: The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the imposed force and goes in the direction of the force. (ie, F=ma. Alternatively, the total force applied on a body is equal to the time derivative of linear momentum of the body.)

F and −F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law, with F called the "action" and −F the "reaction". The action and the reaction are simultaneous 3.Newton’s 3 rd law : The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear. This means that whenever a first body exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force −F on the first body

Isaac Newton’s calculations changed the way people understood the universe. No one had been able to explain why the planets stayed in their orbits. What held them up? Less than 50 years before Isaac Newton was born it was thought that the planets were held in place by an invisible shield. Isaac proved that they were held in place by the sun’s gravity. He also showed that the force of gravity was affected by distance and by mass. He was not the first to understand that the orbit of a planet was not circular, but more elongated, like an oval. What he did was to explain how it worked. The great physicist, Albert Einstein, thought that Newton's idea of gravity was not completely accurate. He corrected many of the things that Newton did. Newton made a huge impact on astronomy by defining the laws of motion and universal gravitation. He used these laws to predict the planets' revolving around the sun and the motion of stars. Impact of Newton’s Law

Newton founded the three laws of motion 1 st law-”law of inertia” 2 nd law-”F=MA” 3 rd law-”Every action has an opposite and equal reaction” Science and Mathematics would never have revolutionized because Newton founded gravity and the way it works on objects. Newton founded the mathematical calculation now called Calculus. Newton discovered white light is made up of a spectrum of different colors. Newton wrote books such as “The method of Fluxions and Infinite theories” to teach his findings of calculus to others. Overall Newton’s Discoveries were a large impact on Science, Mathematics, and Astronomy and changed the world into what it is today. Conclusion/Summary

"Sir Isaac Newton." Garden of Praise. Web. 05 Feb Browne, Michael E. ( ) (Series: Schaum's Outline Series). Schaum's outline of theory and problems of physics for engineering and science. McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 58. Holzner, Steven ( ). Physics for Dummies. Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. pp. 64. "Newton, Isaac." Info:Main Page - New World Encyclopedia. Web. 05 Feb "Newton, Sir Isaac Summary | BookRags.com." BookRags.com | Study Guides, Lesson Plans, Book Summaries and More. Web. 07 Feb Reference