Radio Occultation Atmospheric Profiling with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Earth System Science Teachers of the Deaf Workshop, August 2004 S.O.A.R. High Earth Observing Satellites.
Advertisements

Requirements for monitoring the global tropopause Bill Randel Atmospheric Chemistry Division NCAR.
1 Program:ROSA Mission Event:1° ASI-EUM ASI-meeting Date:4-5 February, 2009 ROSA Future developments and possible ASI / EUMETSAT cooperation.
Satellite observation systems and reference systems (ae4-e01) Signal Propagation E. Schrama.
Global Weather Services in 2025-Progress toward the Vision Richard A. Anthes University Corporation for Atmospheric Research October 1, 2002 GOES User’s.
Ben Kravitz November 12, 2009 Limb Scanning and Occultation.
Wave-critical layer interactions observed using GPS data Bill Randel, NCAR.
Electromagnetic Wave Theory
0 The FORMOSAT3/COSMIC Mission Space Weather Application AMS San Diego Jan. 11, 2005 Christian Rocken
The Impact of GPS Radio Occultation Data on the Analysis and Prediction of Tropical Cyclones Bill Kuo UCAR.
GPS / RO for atmospheric studies Dept. of Physics and Astronomy GPS / RO for atmospheric studies Panagiotis Vergados Dept. of Physics and Astronomy.
COSMIC / FormoSat 3 Overview, Status, First results, Data distribution.
GCOS Meeting Seattle, May 06 Using GPS for Climate Monitoring Christian Rocken UCAR/COSMIC Program Office.
Radio Occultation From GPS/MET to COSMIC.
GPS Occultation Studies of the Lower Ionosphere: Current Investigations and Future Roles for C/NOFS & COSMIC Sensors R. Bishop.
Rosetta_CD\PR\what_is_RS.ppt, :39AM, 1 Mars Express Radio Science Experiment MaRS MaRS Radio Science Data: Level 3 & 4 The retrieval S.Tellmann,
GPS radio occultation Sean Healy DA lecture, 28th April, 2008.
New Satellite Capabilities and Existing Opportunities Bill Kuo 1 and Chris Velden 2 1 National Center for Atmospheric Research 2 University of Wisconsin.
Use of GPS RO in Operations at NCEP
Using GPS data to study the tropical tropopause Bill Randel National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado “You can observe a lot by just watching”
Applications of GPS Derived data to the Atmospheric Sciences Jaclyn Secora Trzaska.
OC3522Summer 2001 OC Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Ocean - Summer 2001 Active Microwave Radar.
CGMS-40, November 2012, Lugano, Switzerland Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites - CGMS IROWG - Overview of and Plans for the Newest CGMS Working.
Different options for the assimilation of GPS Radio Occultation data within GSI Lidia Cucurull NOAA/NWS/NCEP/EMC GSI workshop, Boulder CO, 28 June 2011.
Space Geodesy (1/3) Geodesy provides a foundation for all Earth observations Space geodesy is the use of precise measurements between space objects (e.g.,
GPS Radio Occultation Sounding Zhen Zeng (HAO&COSMIC)
CODAR Ben Kravitz September 29, Outline What is CODAR? Doppler shift Bragg scatter How CODAR works What CODAR can tell us.
Remote Radio Sounding Science For JIMO J. L. Green, B. W. Reinisch, P. Song, S. F. Fung, R. F. Benson, W. W. L. Taylor, J. F. Cooper, L. Garcia, D. Gallagher,
June, 2003EUMETSAT GRAS SAF 2nd User Workshop. 2 The EPS/METOP Satellite.
GISMO Simulation Study Objective Key instrument and geometry parameters Surface and base DEMs Ice mass reflection and refraction modeling Algorithms used.
Status of the assimilation of GPS RO observations: the COSMIC Mission L. Cucurull JCSDA/UCAR J.C. Derber, R. Treadon, and R.J. Purser.
1. Atmospheric Circulation. Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere 300 km 50 km 40 km 10 km 400 km altitude Exosphere is the Earth’s  110 km.
Linear and nonlinear representations of wave fields and their application to processing of radio occultations M. E. Gorbunov, A. V. Shmakov Obukhov Institute.
Joint International GRACE Science Team Meeting and DFG SPP 1257 Symposium, Oct. 2007, GFZ Potsdam Folie 1 Retrieval of electron density profiles.
SI Traceability Applied to GPS RO October 22, 2008 CLARREO Workshop Oct 2008 AJM/JPL 1 SI Traceability Applied To GPS Radio Occultation A. J. Mannucci,
ROSA – ROSSA Validation results R. Notarpietro, G. Perona, M. Cucca
Recent developments for a forward operator for GPS RO Lidia Cucurull NOAA GPS RO Program Scientist NOAA/NWS/NCEP/EMC NCU, Taiwan, 16 August
GPS: Everything you wanted to know, but were afraid to ask Andria Bilich National Geodetic Survey.
Climate Monitoring with Radio Occultation Data Systematic Error Sources C. Rocken, S. Sokolovskiy, B. Schreiner, D. Hunt, B. Ho, B. Kuo, U. Foelsche.
Vertical Wavenumber Spectra of Gravity Waves in the Venus and Mars Atmosphere *Hiroki Ando, Takeshi Imamura, Bernd Häusler, Martin Pätzold.
1 Using water vapor measurements from hyperspectral advanced IR sounder (AIRS) for tropical cyclone forecast Jun Hui Liu #, Jinlong and Tim.
Use of GPS Radio Occultation Data for Climate Monitoring Y.-H. Kuo, C. Rocken, and R. A. Anthes University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.
Application of COSMIC refractivity in Improving Tropical Analyses and Forecasts H. Liu, J. Anderson, B. Kuo, C. Snyder, and Y. Chen NCAR IMAGe/COSMIC/MMM.
Impact of FORMOSAT-3 GPS Data Assimilation on WRF model during 2007 Mei-yu season in Taiwan Shyuan-Ru Miaw, Pay-Liam Lin Department of Atmospheric Sciences.
Rosetta_CD\PR\what_is_RS.ppt, :26AM, 1 Mars Express Radio Science Experiment MaRS MaRS Radio Science Data: Level 3 & 4 Basics S.Tellmann,
Key RO Advances Observation –Lower tropospheric penetration (open loop / demodulation) –Larger number of profiles (rising & setting) –Detailed precision.
FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Science Highlights Bill Kuo UCAR COSMIC NCAR ESSL/MMM Division.
2 nd GRAS-SAF USER WORKSHOP Assimilation of GPS radio occultation measurements at DAO (soon GMAO) P. Poli 1,2 and J. Joiner 3 Data Assimilation Office.
AGU Fall MeetingDec 11-15, 2006San Francisco, CA Estimates of the precision of GPS radio occultations from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC mission Bill Schreiner,
Preliminary results from assimilation of GPS radio occultation data in WRF using an ensemble filter H. Liu, J. Anderson, B. Kuo, C. Snyder, A. Caya IMAGe.
Improved Radio Occultation Observations for a COSMIC Follow-on Mission C. Rocken, S. Sokolovskiy, B. Schreiner UCAR / COSMIC D. Ector NOAA.
The Role of GPS Radio Occultation Observations in the Global Observing System for Weather, Water and Climate NOAA Briefing April 1, 2005 Rick Anthes and.
COSMIC Update and Highlights 8 November
Radio Occultation. Temperature [C] at 100 mb (16km) Evolving COSMIC Constellation.
0 Earth Observation with COSMIC. 1 COSMIC at a Glance l Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (ROCSAT-3) l 6 Satellites.
IGARSS 2011, Vancuver, Canada July 28, of 14 Chalmers University of Technology Monitoring Long Term Variability in the Atmospheric Water Vapor Content.
COSMIC Ionospheric measurements Jiuhou Lei NCAR ASP/HAO Research review, Boulder, March 8, 2007.
GPS Radio-Occultation data (COSMIC mission) Lidia Cucurull NOAA Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation.
COSMIC Status and Research Highlights Bill Kuo UCAR COSMIC NCAR ESSL/MMM Division.
CGMS-43 EUM-WP-12 Presentation1 STATUS OF EUMETSAT STUDY ON RADIO OCCULTATION SATURATION WITH REALISTIC ORBITS.
COSMIC: Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate Mission Status and Results UCAR COSMIC Project FORMOSAT-3.
Observational Error Estimation of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation Data SHU-YA CHEN AND CHING-YUANG HUANG Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National.
Geodesy & Crustal Deformation
TIMN seminar GNSS Radio Occultation Inversion Methods Thomas Sievert September 12th, 2017 Karlskrona, Sweden.
Radio Occultation Observations for Weather, Climate and Ionosphere
WG Climate, March 6 – 9, 2016 Paris, France
Hui Liu, Jeff Anderson, and Bill Kuo
Assimilation of Global Positioning System Radio Occultation Observations Using an Ensemble Filter in Atmospheric Prediction Models Hui Liu, Jefferey Anderson,
Ling Wang and M. Joan Alexander
Data Assimilation Initiative, NCAR
Presentation transcript:

Radio Occultation Atmospheric Profiling with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

Overview The Idea: A first look at planetary atmospheres Next step: Applying the technique to Earth The principles –The GPS system and the GPS measurement –How RO works –Unique characteristics of the observations Satellite missions Science Applications –Meteorology –Climate –Space Weather

Question: How can we learn if planets have an atmosphere? Send a space probe from Earth to the far side of the planet in question and send a known radio frequency back to Earth. If the planet has no atmosphere the radio signal received on Earth will travel on a straight line As the signal grazes the planet’s Limb it’s radio signal is occulted (thus radio occultation) …. but if there is an atmosphere the ray will be bent!

Measure the Doppler frequency shift of the received radio signal on Earth. Question: But how do we know if the ray is bent? For a straight ray the Doppler shift is caused only by the relative motion of the transmitter relative to the receiver - and can be predicted based on orbital mechanics For a bent signal the Doppler shift will noticeably different than predicted based on orbital mechanics only!

Mariner IV at Mars July 1965 Planetary Radio Occultation Radio occultation was first applied to Planetary atmospheres by teams at Stanford U. and NASA/JPL

Mariner V at Venus 19 October 1967 Subsequently RO was used to study the atmospheres of many planets

The same measurement principle can also be used to observe Earth’s atmosphere Low-Earth Orbiter LEO Transmitter The signal is received on the LEO And atmospheric properties can be obtained

There are some key advantages for radio occultation on Earth

Signals Abundant GPS Glonass Galileo –90 sources in space

GPS Signal Coverage Two L-band frequencies: L1: 1.58 GHz L2: 1.23 GHz ~3000 km

GPS Signal Structure

The GPS Signal Spectrum Carrier + Code Carrier

A GPS receiver in LEO can track GPS radio signals that are refracted in the atmosphere GPS Satellite LEO Satellite Radio Signal LEO Orbit Atmosphere

Occultation Geometry During an GPS occultation a LEO ‘sees’ the GPS rise or set behind Earth limb while the signal slices through the atmosphere  Occultation geometry The GPS receiver on the LEO observes the change in the delay of the signal path between the GPS SV and LEO This change in the delay includes the effect of the atmosphere which delays and bends the signal

Determining Bending from observed Doppler (a) Earth Bending angle  Transmitted wave fronts Wave vector of received wave fronts From orbit determination we know the location of source and We know the receiver orbit Thus we also know We measure the Doppler frequency shift: And compute the bending angle

Deriving Bending Angles from Doppler The projections of satellite orbital motion of transmitter and receiver along the ray path produces a Doppler frequency shift After correction for clock and relativistic effects, the Doppler shift, f d, of the transmitter frequency, f T, is given as where: c is the speed of light and the other variables are defined in the figure with V T r and V T  representing the radial and azimuthal components of the transmitting spacecraft velocity. vTvT  From Doppler + orbits we obtain bending as a function of impact parameter

Define the refractional radius x=nr, where n=1+N*10 -6 Now we have a profile of refractivity as a function of “x” We compute the “mean sea level height” of the observation: h msl =x-R c -G (where R c is radius of curvature, and G is the geoid height)

Steps taken in determining “MSL” altitude z 1.Determine the lat/lon of the ray path perigee at the‘occultation point’ (that point where the excess phase exceeds 500 meters) 2.Compute the center of sphericity (C) and radius of curvature (Rc) of the intersection of the occultation plane and the reference ellipsoid at the assigned lat/lon. 3.Do the Abel inversion in the reference frame defined by the occultation plane and C. 4.Now height r is defined as the distance from the perigee point of the ray path to C. 5.G is the geoid correction. We currently use the JGM2 geoid. The geometric height in the atmosphere is computed : z = r - Rc - G Center of curvature C r Rc - radius of local curvature of ref. ellipsoid G - geoid height z - geometric height Definition of Altitude in Radio Occultation reference ellipsoid

Atmospheric refractivity N=(n-1)* Ionospheric term dominates above 70 km Hydrostatic (dry) wet terms dominates at lower altitudes Wet term becomes important in troposphere (> 240 k) and Can be 30% of refractivity in tropics Liquid water and other aerosols are generally ignored

Observed Atmospheric Volume L~300 km Z~1 km

1. High accuracy: Averaged profiles to < 0.1 K Unique Attractions of GPS Radio Occultation 2. Assured long-term stability 3. All-weather operation 4. Global 3D coverage: stratopause to surface 5. Vertical resolution: ~100 m in lower trop 6. Independent height & pressure/temp data 7. Compact, low-power, low-cost sensor

CHAMP SAC-C GRACE Ørsted Sunsat IOX GPS/MET

The first RO profile from Earth

CHAMP in orbit since July 15, 2000

COSMIC/FormoSat3 (6) EQUARS C/NOFS METOP The next wave…

COSMIC at a Glance l Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (ROCSAT-3) l 6 Satellites launched in 2006 l Orbits: alt=800km, Inc=72deg, ecc=0 l Weather + Space Weather data l Global observations of: ●Pressure, Temperature, Humidity ●Refractivity ●TEC, Ionospheric Electron Density ●Ionospheric Scintillation l Demonstrate quasi-operational GPS limb sounding with global coverage in near-real time l Climate Monitoring l Geodetic Research

COSMIC Status

Location of Profiles 1.5 months after launch Final constellation

Mission science payloads High-resolution (1 Hz) absolute total electron content (TEC) to all GPS satellites in view at all times (useful for global ionospheric tomography and assimilation into space weather models) Occultation TEC and derived electron density profiles (1 Hz below the satellite altitude and 50 Hz below ~140 km), in-situ electron density Scintillation parameters for the GPS transmitter–LEO receiver links Data products available within minutes of on-orbit collection Tri-band Beacon (TBB) Phase and amplitude of radio signals at 150, 400, and 1067 MHz transmitted from the COSMIC satellites and received by chains of ground receivers. TEC between transmitter and receivers Scintillation parameters for LEO transmitter - receiver links Tiny Ionosphere Photometer (TIP) Nadir intensity on the night-side (along the sub- satellite track) from radiative recombination emission at 1356 Å Derived F layer peak density Location and intensity of ionospheric anomalies (Auroral Oval) GPS Occultation receiver

COSMIC EQUARS Radiosondes COSMIC + EQUARS Soundings in 1 Day Occultation locations for COSMIC (6 s/c, 3 planes) and EQUARS, 24 hrs

Science Applications Weather Climate Space Weather

Evolution of forecast skill for northern and southern hemispheres Courtesy, Simmons 2004 Evolution of forecast skill for the northern and southern hemispheres: Anomaly correlation coefficients of 3, 5, and 7-day ECMWF 500-mb height forecasts for the extratropical northern and southern hemispheres, plotted in the form of running means for the period of January 1980-August Shading shows differences in scores between hemispheres at the forecast ranges indicated (from Holingsworth, et al. 2002).

The GPS-MET Experiment on MicroLab-I ?

Figure from the paper by Nishida et al., J. Met. Soc. Japan, 78(6), p.693, RO provides best results between 8-30 km (effects of moisture and ionosphere are negligible). Is capable of resolving the structure of the tropopause and gravity waves above the tropopause. “dry temperature” computed from refractivity assuming no water vapor

Case 1: Hurricane Isabel (2003) Developed in the lower Atlantic ocean, tracked northwest and landed at North Carolina coast on Sept 18, 2003 The hurricane was category 4 or 5 for a period of 6 days. The WRF simulation covered a period when the hurricane was category h forecast from 4-km WRF simulation, valid at 0000 UTC 17 September A B A B Equivalent potential temperature Radar reflectivity

Temp, K  Temp, K Height, km CHAMP-SACC Profile Comparison Full Profiles Hajj et al., 2004 Avg Delta Profiles

From Healey et al. GRL, 2004 GPS RO Data Impact on Weather Prediction

Effects of CO2 increase on climate change simulated by NCAR Climate System Model (CSM)

Global Temperatures from mb and 100 mb levels

Polar temperatures at 50 mb from North PoleSouth Pole

Equatorial temperatures at 50 mb from

GPS - NCEP/NCAR reanalysis refractivity difference at 300 mb Southern Hemisphere

GPS - radiosonde refractivity difference at 300 mb Southern Hemisphere

Height of 300 mb Surface, Summer km Geopotential Height (gpkm) 9.7 km S. S. Leroy

Importance of Space Weather

CHAMP Electron Density profiles

GPS/MET Ionospheric Climatology