Today’s Training Goals: You should understand  Assessing Airborne Toxicity Hazards!  Mechanics and Interferences to Respiration!  Medical Review processes (Employees)!  Respirator Styles, Classes and Selection!  Program Requirements!  Fit Testing!  Voluntary Uses and Mandatory Use!

Historical Perspective: Occupational Identification of concerns for present lead exposure with reductions in Permissible Lead Exposure Limits BC

Routes of Exposure  Injection!  Inhalation!  Ingestion!  Absorption (skin)!

Mechanics of Respiration  Oxygen rich air taken in by nose and mouth, down the windpipe into lungs.  Tiny air sacs called alveoli.  Alveoli transfer oxygen into bloodstream.  Carbon dioxide transferred from your body to alveoli.  Exhalation rids body of gaseous wastes.

Respiration  Mechanics of Respiration Primary Trigger – High CO 2 Secondary Trigger – Low O 2  Inhalation – Intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm moves down, chest volume increases and atmosphere goes into lungs to fill the extra space.  Exhalation Everything releases, chest volume decreases, and excess gasses are released through the mouth and nose.

Interferences to Respiration  Lack of Oxygen  Heat  Chemicals or toxic materials  Blockages/Particulates  Irritants  If Present, an assessment is needed

Employee Exposure Exposure to a concentration of an airborne contaminant that would occur if the employee were not using respiratory protection.  Triggers Medical Actions and recordkeeping.  Triggers Permissible Protective Practices.

Permissible Practices  Engineering and administrative controls that are feasible before using respirators  Engineering: Substitution of less toxic materials Minimization or enclosures Isolation, confinement of operations Ventilation controls  Administrative: Scheduling Rotation of work

Sampling Equipment

Exposure Assessment OEL: Occupational Exposure Limit: Action Level Ceiling Level (C) IDLH Level OSHA: PEL NIOSH: REL ACGIH: TLV CalOSHA – Non – PEL *Hand out #1 (OSHA Statement on use of PEL)

Look at all the kinds of masks… Yes, Tell me about them. So, You need a respirator!

Coverings OK, to start you have to look at the job you are doing, and what is required. I see you have full facepiece and half mask, Loose Fitting and Tight Fitting, how do we know what to use and if we are using it correctly?

Tight -Fitting Coverings (Fit Test Required!) Half Mask Full Facepiece Loose-Fitting Coverings (No Fit Test Required!) Helmet Hood

Classes of Respirators Positive Pressure When inhaling, the pressure inside the respirator is kept higher than outside the regulator. Negative Pressure When inhaling, the pressure inside the respirator is less than outside the respirator.

Classes of Respirators Examples of Negative Pressure Respirators

Classes of Respirators Examples of Positive Pressure Respirators

Air-Purifying Respirator (APR) A respirator with an air-purifying filter, cartridge, or canister that removes specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying element.

How APR Respirators Work When used properly, respirators prevent the inhalation of chemicals and dust in the air and protect the lungs. When you inhale, air is pulled through the cartridge, where air contaminants are trapped.

Air inhaled in Air exhaled out How APR Respirators Work

Air movement is controlled by rubber inhalation and exhalation valves. The adjustable straps are used to keep the respirator snug on the face. exhalation valve inhalation valves straps valve cover Facepiece cartridge

Respirator Cartridges Dust cartridges filter out dust only. Chemical cartridges trap different types of chemicals, but not dust. Cartridges are color-coded for the type of chemical or dust.

Filter A component used in respirators to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air. Also called air purifying element.

High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter (HEPA) Filter that is at least 99.97% efficient in removing monodisperse particles of 0.3 micrometers in diameter or greater. Equivalent NIOSH 42 CFR 84 particulate filters are the N100, R100, and P100 filters.

Air-purifying respirators  3 categories of resistance to filter efficiency degradation: N (Not resistant to oil) R (Resistant to oil) P (oil Proof)  If a particulate, select appropriate filter 95%(called “95”) 99%(called “99”) 99.97%(called “100”)

Respirator Cartridges  The wrong cartridge won’t protect you from dust or chemicals in the air.  A chemical cartridge doesn’t filter out dust. Works by Adsorption, Absorption or Chemisorption.  There are several kinds of chemical cartridges.  Combination dust/chemical cartridges are available.

Respirator Filters  All filters, cartridges and canisters must be labeled and color coded with the NIOSH approval label.  Marked with “NIOSH”, manufacturer’s name and part number, and an abbreviation to indicate cartridge or filter type (e.g., N95, P100, etc.).

Respiratory Protection Cartridge respirators don’t work where there is a lack of oxygen. Confined spaces like tanks or manholes can have an oxygen deficiency or high levels of toxic chemicals.

Chemical cartridges can absorb only so much chemical. When their capacity is reached, breakthrough will occur. APRs should not be used with chemicals without a distinct odor (to detect breakthrough) unless the filter has an ESLI. Service Life The period of time that a respirator, filter or sorbent, or other respiratory equipment provides adequate protection to the wearer.

Respirator Cartridges Chemical Cartridges are changed on a pre-determined schedule. The employer must implement a change schedule for canisters and cartridges. Usually one shift or one day of use. Sensory perception (breakthrough) is a frequently used change criteria. Dust cartridges are changed when they become difficult to breathe through, are damaged, or get wet.

Air-purifying Respirators Replace cartridges: Some canisters may have end of service life indicators (ESLI). The sorbent is approaching saturation or is no longer effective.

Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) An air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force the ambient air through air-purifying elements to the inlet covering.

Atmosphere Supplying Respirators  Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)  Air-line respirators  Combination SCBA and SAR  Must be supplied with Grade D breathing air, usually from bottles or compressors

Classes of Atmosphere- Supplying Respirators  Continuous Flow. Provides a continuous flow of breathing air to the respiratory inlet covering.  Demand. Admits breathing air to the facepiece only when a negative pressure is created inside the facepiece by inhalation.  Pressure Demand. Admits breathing air to the facepiece when the positive pressure inside the facepiece is reduced by inhalation.

Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) An atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source of breathing air is not designed to be carried by the user. Also called airline respirator.

Supplied Air Respirators  Airline respirators called “Type C” or “Type CE” hose can be up to 300 feet 4 cfm required for tight-fitting mask, 6 cfm for hoods and helmets available in demand, pressure demand, and continuous flow arrangements

 SCBA is a supplied air (atmosphere) respirator which includes cylinder, harness, regulator and face piece.  Pressure Demand admits breathing air to the face piece when the positive pressure inside the face piece is reduced by inhalation. Air source is designed to be carried by the user in positive pressure mode. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus

Self-contained Breathing Apparatus  Quarter Service Life Alarm Bell, Whistle, Vibration or combination 45 cubic feet or 2,216 psi550 psi 45 cubic feet or 3,000 psi750 psi 45 cubic feet or 4,500 psi1100 psi 90 cubic feet or 4,500 psi1100 psi  Supply air at a flow rate of 40 liters per minute.

Air Consumption ACTIVITYRATE (L/m)TIME (min.) Sleep6212 Rest Light Activity Medium Activity4043 Heavy Activity Maximum Act (30 min cylinder = 45 cubic feet of volume – 1,274 liters)

Escape-only type available in 5, 7, 10 or 15 minute duration

PROTECTION FACTOR  ½ Face Respirator10 : 1  Full face respirator50 : 1  Supplied Air Respirator10,000 : 1  The higher the value, the more protection from the respirator.

Respiratory Protection Half-face cartridge respirators only provide protection to levels 10 times above the chemical or dust permissible limit. Asbestos Permissible Limit – 0.1 f/cc Maximum Use Concentration for Asbestos – 1f/cc f/cc = fibers per cm 3 Example

OSHA Requirements  5 pre-use requirements Written program Medical evaluation Selection of an appropriate respirator Training Fit Testing  Inspection and maintenance  Usage requirements

Respirator Program Develop written program with worksite- specific procedures when respirators are necessary or required by the employer Update program as necessary to reflect changes that affect respirator use. Requires a respirator administrator. This person is responsible for overseeing the respirator program. This person must have training on respirators.

Respirators & Physical Fitness Medical evaluations are required for anyone wearing respirators. Breathing through a respirator is work for the body. Respirators can be hazardous to people with heart or lung problems. Required prior to fit test.

Respirators and Physical Fitness The first step is a confidential medical questionnaire. A healthcare provider decides if you need a medical exam. Results are only used to determine if you are fit to wear a respirator.

Medical Evaluation  Additional medical evaluation required: employee report of breathing concerns. PLHCP, supervisor or program administrator specifies. observations during fit testing or program observation. change occurs in workplace.  Written report provided to employer and employee.

Selection of Respirators Employer must select and provide an appropriate respirator based on the respiratory hazards to which the worker is exposed and workplace and user factors that affect respirator performance and reliability.

 Requires use of NIOSH approved respirators The substituting of or mixing respirator components from another manufacturer voids NIOSH certification.  Must select respirators from a sufficient number of models and sizes so it fits correctly. Selection of Respirators

Respirator Training  Employees must receive training prior to respirator use and at least annually thereafter (and if there is a change in workplace conditions/requirements) Why the respirator is necessary? Limitations and capabilities of the respirator. Effective use of the respirator, include how to handle emergencies and malfunctions. Inspection, maintenance, and storage.

Respirator Fit Respirators must fit properly to prevent leaks around the edges. Fit-testing must be done before first wearing a respirator. Beards are not allowed when wearing a respirator.

Types of Fit Testing  Employees using tight-fitting face piece respirators must pass an appropriate fit test: Qualitative fit test (QLFT) Quantitative fit test (QNFT):  Employee must be fit tested with the same make, model, style, and size of respirator that will be used.

Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT) A pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacy of respirator fit that relies on the individual’s response to the test agent.

Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT)  Qualitative fit testing (QLFTs) isoamyl acetate (IAA) irritant smoke (usually titanium and stannic chloride) saccharin aerosol (taste test) denatonium benzoate (Bitrex)  Must verify wearer can respond.  Wearer must be truthful.

Quantitative fit testing (QNFTs) An assessment of the adequacy of respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator.

 Always inspect respirator before donning.  Check integrity of seals and cartridges before putting on respirator. Inspection

User Seal Check An action conducted by the respirator user to determine if the respirator is properly seated to the face. Positive Pressure Check Negative Pressure Check

Respirator Maintenance Respirators must be cleaned, inspected and maintained regularly. Cleaning is especially important in dusty areas. Clean in warm soapy water. Allow to dry thoroughly before storing or using. Do not use alcohol wipes on respirators.

 Proper rinsing cannot be overemphasized. Cleansing and disinfecting agents are skin irritants and must be completely removed.  Recharge cylinders when pressure below 90% of recommended pressure level.  During cleaning is a good time to inspect respirators. Maintenance and Care

Respirator Storage Once dry, place in protective bag so respirators can be stored in a clean dry place. Don’t store them unprotected in your work area. Don’t store them like this!

Use of Respirators  Facepiece seal protection  Prohibits facial hair at the sealing surface of the facepiece or that interferes with valve function. One day of growth  Corrective glasses or goggles or other PPE must be worn in a manner that does not interfere with the face-to-facepiece seal.

Review 1. Written Program 2. Medical Evaluation 3. Respirator Selection 4.Training 5.Fit Testing 6. Inspection, Care, Use, Cleaning and Storage. 7. Program evaluation