Scientific Identification & Classification

Applied plant sciences Biology – the study of both plants and animals 1.Zoology –the part of biology that deals with animals 2.Botany – the part of biology that deals with plants. Forestry – growing trees for lumber pr plywood Horticulture – plants grown for food or beautification Agronomy – the study of soil and how plants are grown in them The way to distinguish among the applied sciences is the purpose for which plants are grown

Plant Parts Leaves Stems Roots Flowers

Leaves-External Petiole-leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem Blade-the large, flat part of the leaf Midrib-the large center vein Veins-the structural framework of the leaf Margin-the edge of the leaf

Leaves-External

Leaf Retention Evergreen-Leaves stay on the plant all year long Deciduous-Leaves will fall off during the dormant periods Herbaceous-leaves and stems die back at the end of the season

Leaf Type

Leaf Shapes CordateElliptical Ovate SpatulateDeltoid LanceolateLiner

Leaf Margin

Leaf Arrangement AlternateOppositeWhorled

Vein Pattern

Functions of the leaf Photosynthesis - process by which plants collect sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food. Respiration – converts sugars and starches into energy. Transpiration - the release of water vapor from the leaves of the plants. It also cools the plant.

Stems Movement of Materials Support of the leaves and reproductive structures Food storages Reproduction with stem cuttings or grafting

Stems-External Lenticels - breathing pores found on stems and branches Bud scale scars - indicate where terminal buds have been Leaf Scars - indicate where leaves have been attached Terminal bud - bud on the end of the stem Axillary or lateral bud Axillary bud is located at the axil of the leaf, lateral bud is located on the sides of stems.

Thorns & Prickles Thorn Prickle

Modified Stems Stolon Tuber Cladophyll

Root Functions Anchor the plant and hold it upright Absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct them to the stem Store large quantities of plant food Propagate or reproduce some plants

Roots-External Root cap-indicates growth of new cells Root hairs-absorb moisture (water) and minerals Root images from a rice plant

Root Types Fibrous Roots Tap Root

Layers of Roots Fibrous-many branched shallow roots –are easier to transplant Tap-long root with few branched ones –more difficult to transplant

Flowers Sepals-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before it opens Petals-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers Stamen-male part of the flower Pistil-female part of the flower

Flowers

Parts of the Stamen Filament-short stalk that holds up the anther Anther-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male sex cells

Parts of the Pistil Stigma-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen Style-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary Ovary-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat Ovules-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized

Complete-vs-Incomplete Complete flowers have both male and female parts Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts

Monoeciuos All male or all female flowers on plant Examples: Hollies or Ginkgo MaleFemale

Dioecious Male and female, imperfect flowers on same plant Examples: Squash & Pumpkin

Flower Types CorymbsPanicle Spike

Flower Types Umbel Head

Plant Parts-Fruit Cones Nut (acorn) Clusters or drupes (raspberry) Capsules (willow) Samara (maple)

Fruits and Nuts Cones Acorns Cluster Drupe

Fruits and Nuts Samara Capsule Pome

Life Cycle Annual-a plant that lives for only 1 year or less Biennial-a plant that lives for 2 years, usually flowering in the second year Perennial-a plant that lives for more than 2 years

Growth Habits Trees: greater than 12 feet tall Shrubs: less than 12 feet tall Vines: a plant that climbs & spreads

Growth Habits House Plant: plant grown indoors Bedding Plant: a plant used in flowering beds

Forms of Plants: Growth Pattern Spreading Weeping Columnar

Growth Forms Round Oval Pyramidal