Alaiza, Illie, R, Michael INDIA

EARLY HISTORY Indian civilization began in the Indus valley around 2500 B.C invaders crossed the mountain of hinduskush and spread crossed the mountain. European came to find trade in India since there wasn’t any in Europe. Aryan culture played a key role in the early history of India. Muslims came to India, taking over land but also bringing new culture, and new ways of life. The Mughal Empire- the Muslim empire established in the early 1500s over much of India which brought those of native Hindus.

ECONOMIC CHALLENGES Dependence on farming Indian’s rely on farming for their living. Families struggle to survive on what they can grow for themselves Growing industry Cotton textiles have long been a major product. India is now a major producer of iron and steel, chemicals, machinery, and food products. Although they face challenges, India grew with increased in crop, wheat, and rice production. Also had technological improvements.

INDIAN DEMOCRACY Democracy reflects elements of both the American and the British. The Major party in parliament becomes the prime minister and head of the government. India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. The Indian Union Government governs the union of 28 states and 7 Union Territories.

MODERN INDIA Daily life Indian parents would traditionally choose parents for marriage. They enjoy sports, music, and movies like most families. Family is the most important social unit. Divorce is rare and virtually every marriage produces children. Preference for extended families (having more than one marriage within the two families, usually from different generations). Indians are 15 percent of the planetary population India's economic policies have also broken new ground. They were the first large-scale test of the modern mixed economy.

Provided by both private and public sectors. Free education for children between 6 and 14 years old, even written in the Indian Constitution. Primary education and literacy to 75% of India by Education also known for being a main contributor to the economic development. 29% of students attend private schooling. Private education making $450 Million (U.S. money) Projected to market $40 Billion (U.S. money) 96.5% of rural children enrolled in school in the ages of 6-14 EDUCATION Percent wise how many students enrolled in what type of schooling in 2012.

INDIAN CULTURE Languages, religions, dance, music, food, and customs change throughout the whole country. Indian culture, is often known as the result of combining several cultures. defined by a strict social hierarchy, and kids learn their place in society at a young age. Clothing is influenced by local culture, geography, climate, and rural/urban settings. In public or religious places, they discourage the exposure of skin and wearing tight clothes. Indian culture includes many performing arts, as well as visual arts. Performing arts include dance, drama and theatre, and music Visual arts include painting, sculptures, and architecture.

LANGUAGE No “National Language” in India. 122 major languages and 1599 other languages. Hindi, is the most widely spoken language in India. Largest of the language families represented is the Indo-Aryan language family, accounting for about 790 million speakers, or over 75% of the population. Language is not directly related to the ethnic groups in India. Languages were put into groups depending mostly on their ways of living.

BRITISH RAJ Raj- The period of British rule in India, which lasted for nearly 90 years from 1857 to The term can also refer to the period of dominion. Extended over almost all present day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. India during the British Raj was separated into two different territories, British India and the Native States. The British took over India and believed the Indians were “below them”.

NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE The practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, and more, without using violence. Wrongly taken or thought of being “civil resistance”. Civil resistance is political action that relies on the use of nonviolent resistance. Two “different” names but serve for the same cause. Martin Luther King Jr. was known as a nonviolent resistance leader, as well as Mohandas Gandhi Practiced doing anything except using violence.

LAND REFORM Land reform policy in India had two specific objectives. The first is to remove impediments to increase in agricultural production. The second is to eliminate all elements of exploitation and to provide security for the tiller of soil and assure quality of the soil. Since India’s independence in 1947, the land reforms were voluntary and state initiated in several states.

GREEN REVOLUTION An agricultural program launched by scientists in the 1960s to develop higher- yielding grain varieties, and improve food production by incorporating new farming techniques. Led to an increase in food production in India. Started after high-yielding wheat was first introduced to India in 1963 by an American. Increased use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation led to the increase in production in order to make India self-sufficient in food grains.

CASTE SYSTEM The Aryan system of social classes in India and one of the cornerstones of Hinduism in which each person is born into a caste and can only move into a different caste through reincarnation. A system of “segregation of people.” Separated communities into thousands of “groups”. Between 1860 and 1920 the British segregated Indians by caste. Often thought of as an ancient fact of Hindu life. Arguments that the caste system was constructed by the British.

GEOGRAPHICAL THINKING 1. What might be some of the problems associated with the Hindu caste system? The class range and where they belong, if they don’t have money or any type of power they get looked down on. 2.How is the caste system like the social order in high school? If you’re not well known then you’re not popular, and you would be looked at as a loser or somebody of less value. 3.Is a caste system discriminatory in nature? Yes because it is putting people of certain types into groups, just like discrimination.