 Organizing the War  Women in Industry  Ordeal for Japanese Americans  Tensions at Home

 A. Philip Randolph  Bracero  Intern  Rationing  Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters  Mexican workers  Temporarily imprison  The act of setting limits on the amount of scarce food people can buy

Hundreds of thousands of women help in the war. They served as nurses and noncombat roles. Women were also pilots that taught men how to fly for the war. First Challenge: build armed forces. Building the Military More than 15 million volunteers and draftees joined the U.S. Army to fight in WWII. Every ethnic and religious group took part in joining the war.

 Industries started making war goods instead of everyday goods  The War Production Board supervised the changeover and set goals for the production  Military output doubled  The Great Depression quickly ended due to people getting jobs working in factories  All Americans were expected to donate food, clothing, and war equipment to the Allied forces

 All Americans were expected to donate food, clothing, and war equipment to the Allied forces  Many Americans planted victory gardens  People had to start rationing › They were given ration coupons for sugar, coffee, tires, meat, shoes, gas, etc.  Many encouraging propaganda signs were hung up to reassure the people that they were helping the Allies

 World War II Propaganda Posters World War II Propaganda Posters

 Women worked in factories and shipyards while men were in the war  Jobs included › Welding › tending blast furnaces › running huge cranes › police officers › bus drivers › gas station attendants  “Rosie the Riveter” encouraged women to work to help the war effort

 Women during the war… › Gained better pay & working conditions › Got paid the same as men working the same job › Gained confidence and independence

 300,000 people of Japanese origin lived in the U.S.  Over half of those people lived in Hawaii  After Pearl Harbor, many Americans were afraid Japanese Americans would act as spies

 These fears led to the Executive Order 9066 issued by Roosevelt in Feb  110,000 Japanese Americans were temporarily imprisoned  Internees could only bring what they could carry, the rest of their possessions had to be sold  They were then sent to a camp surrounded by barbed wire and filled with armed soldiers

 Korenaatsu vs. United States › 1944 › Supreme Court ruled that military necessity justified internment. › 3 of the 9 judges disagreed  After the war › Internees are released › Given a small payment to pay for lost property in 1948 › Received a formal apology in 1990 › Also each surviving internee received $20,000 in 1990

 About 17,000 joined the armed forces  Fought in North Africa, Italy, and France  442 nd Nisei Regiment Combat Team is the most highly decorated military unit in U.S. history

 About 11,000 German Americans and several hundred Italian Americans were held as internees  Most were not citizens

 Industries doing business with the government were discriminated  A. Philip Randolph › Threaten a mass protest › FDR ordered employers doing business with the government to have racial equality when hiring › FDR set up the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) to enforce this  2 million African Americans were working in war plants by the end of 1944

 ½ a million served in the war  Population was increasing  U.S. signed a treaty with Mexico in 1942 allowing American companies to hire braceros  They worked on railroads and farms in the north  They wore “zoot suits”  In 1943 bands of sailors on shore left to attack young Mexican Americans