Выполнил ученик 9 класса МОУ «СОШ п. Динамовский Новобурасского района Саратовской области» Трофимов Владимир

 Olympic Games - the largest international multi- sport event, held every four years. Tradition, which existed in ancient Greece, was revived in the late XIX century French philanthropist Pierre de Coubertin. Olympic Games, also known as the Summer Olympic Games, held every four years since 1896, except for years, who came to the world wars. In 1924 were established Olympic Winter Games, which were originally held in the same year as the summer. However, since 1994, during the Winter Olympics shifted by two years with respect to the time of the summer games.  In the same places for the Olympic Games are held two weeks later, the Paralympic Games for people with disabilities.

1. Alpine Skiing

 Downhill from the mountains on special skis. Sport, as well as a popular form of active recreation of millions of people worldwide. Traditionally, the most developed in countries such as Austria, Italy, France, Switzerland, USA, Germany. Birthplace of skiing the Alps are, in most languages ​​ the very name of this species is «alpine skiing»  Foundation year

2. Cross-Country Skiing

 Ski race at a certain distance on a specially prepared track of a certain category of persons ( age, sex, etc.). Refer to cyclic sports. Olympic sport since  First race in the women's ski speed held in Norway in Then followed the example of Norwegians Swedes and Finns later fascination racing emerged in Central Europe. In the late 19th - early 20th centuries in many countries there were national ski clubs. In 1924 was created the International Ski Federation (FIS). In 2000 FIS comprised 98 national federations.

3. Ski Jumping

 Sport, including ski jumping from specially equipped kickers. Act as an independent sport, and also included in the program of Nordic Combined. Part of the International Ski Federation  Year of construction

4. Nordic Combined

 Olympic sport that combines its program jumping ski jumping and cross-country skiing. Another name - northern combination. Initially, the most developed sport was in Norway in the first four Winter Olympics (1924, 1928, 1932 and 1936) took the podium Norwegians, and 12 of the pre-war world championships Norwegians won eight. As of the end of the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver, Norwegians have won 11 Olympic gold medals in Nordic combined, followed by the Finns with 4 gold medals.  In recent years, the traditional Nordic Combined program has undergone significant changes. Currently held two individual disciplines: the jump from conventional or large trampoline ( one try) and a ski race for 10 km freestyle. For each of these disciplines, general rules, with minor additions.

5. Freestyle

 Type of skiing. Disciplines are freestyle ski acrobatics, mogul, ski cross, 'HP, slopestyle. By freestyle usually referred nyuskul and style. Ski ballet [1] - one of the disciplines of freestyle, which existed until 1999, was excluded from the official competition program.  In international competitions, most successfully in different disciplines of freestyle athletes serve the U.S., Canada, Norway, France, China, Australia.

6. Snowboarding

 Olympic sport, which consists in the descent from the snowy slopes of the mountains and the special projectile - snowboarding. Initially, winter sport, although some extremaly mastered it even in the summer, snowboarding on sandy slopes ( sendbording ).  As often, snowboarding runs on unprepared slopes and at high speeds, for protection from injury used various equipment - helmets, protection of joints, arms, legs, back.  At the Winter Olympics in 1998 in Nagano snowboarding was first included in the Olympic program.

7. Biathlon

 Winter Olympic sport that combines ski race with rifle shooting. Biathlon is most popular in Germany, Russia, Austria, France, Norway, Sweden. C in 1993 and currently the official international biathlon competitions, including the World Cup and World Championships, held under the auspices of the International Biathlon Union (English International Biathlon Union, IBU - SMEs).  Progenitor of biathlon competitions are considered military patrols - sport, the rules of which resemble modern biathlon team race. To date, there are many varieties of biathlon, combining : ski race and shooting sports onion ( Acher biathlon), snowshoe race and rifle shooting (biathlon snowshoe ) race on skis hunting and shooting hunting rifle ( hunting biathlon). Among the non-winter species isolated summer biathlon biathlon - it combines running and shooting (cross- biathlon), race on roller skis and shooting ( roller ski biathlon), and race on Mountain bikes and shooting ( biathlon Mountain bikes ). Of all the varieties of biathlon only "classic" winter and summer biathlon biathlon (all three varieties ) are supervised by SMEs.

8. Figure Skating

 Skating sport. The basic idea is moving athlete or a couple athletes on skates on the ice with the changes to the sliding direction and execution of additional elements ( rotation jumps, combinations of steps, supports, etc.) to the music.  Figure skating as a separate sport emerged in the 1860s and in 1871 was recognized at the I Congress skaters. The first competition was held in Vienna in 1882 among men skaters.  In 1908 and 1920, figure skating competitions were held at the Summer Olympics. It should be noted that figure skating is the first of the winter sports, got into the Olympic program. Since 1924, figure skating is consistently ranked in the Winter Olympic Games.  C in 1986 and currently the official international competitions in figure skating, such as the World Cup, European Championships, the Four Continents Championships and the other held under the auspices of the International Skating Union ( ISU from the English. International Skating Union, ISU).  In figure skating isolated 5 disciplines : men 's figure skating, women 's figure skating, pairs figure skating, dancing and sports group synchronized skating. Synchronized skating group is not included in the official competition program, for this type of figure skating championship held separate World Synchronized Skating.

9. Skating

Skating or speed skating - a sport in which you want as quickly as possible to overcome certain distance skating on the ice stadium in circles. Divided into classic and short track. One of the oldest sports. The earliest mention of the word "horse" can be found in the "Anglo-Dutch dictionary" Gemaha (1648). Most ancient skates discovered by archaeologists belonged Cimmerians - nomadic tribe, who lived 3200 years ago in the Northern Black Sea.

10. Short-track

 Form skating. In some competitions athletes (usually 4-8 : the greater the distance, the more athletes in the race ) while rolling on the oval ice track length m track, usually located on a normal hockey rink. Turns doing the inner radius of 8 m, the distance between the rounded m Length m - is obtained by measuring the distance of 0.5 m from the edge. Go counterclockwise. In the competition for the short distance to the skaters turned on "pure" ice track with the race from the start line for the race a little bias ( the finish line with the photo finish equipment is stationary ). Long - let ldouborochnuyu car after each race.

11. Bobsley

 Winter Olympic sport, which is downhill from the mountains on specially equipped ice routes on managed sleigh - beans. Switzerland is home to bobsled. Here in 1888, an English tourist Wilson Smith interconnected two sledges with the board and used them to travel from St. Moritz to Celerina located somewhat lower.  There, in St. Moritz, at the end of the XIX century. was organized by the world's first bobsled sports club, where they were developed the basic rules of the competition in the sport, and then sled crew consisted of five people - three men and two women. Further, the number of crew members changed bobsleigh sled - two, four, five and sometimes eight people.

12. Skeleton

 Winter Olympic sport, which is a descent of the ice chute on dvuhpolozevyh sleigh on a reinforced frame, the winner is determined by the sum of two or four races. Skeleton is considered the progenitor of the descent from the mountains to the toboggan ( bespoloznyh wooden sleigh ), common among Canadian Indians. In the literature it is referred to the emergence of the XVI century.  Information about sports luge date from the middle of the XIX century, when the British tourists in the Swiss Alps began to descend on the sled on snowy mountain slopes.

13. Toboggan

 Winter Olympic sport in which participants compete in the downhill on single or double sleigh through a prearranged route. Athletes are placed on a sled on his back, feet first. Manage sleds made ​​ by changing the position of the body. The first meeting of athletes was organized in 1883 in Switzerland. In 1913 in Dresden (Germany) founded the International Luge Federation (International Schlittensportverband). This organization operated facilities until 1935, when it was included in the International Federation of Bobsleigh and toboggan (FIBT). After deciding to replace sled tobogganing in the Winter Olympic Games in 1955 in Oslo ( Norway) was the first championship of the world. In 1957 he founded the International Luge Federation (Fédération International de Luge de Course, FIL). Luge was included in the Winter Olympics in 1964.

14. Hockey

Command sports game on the ice, which consists in the confrontation between the two teams skating, which, passing the puck sticks tend to throw it in the greatest number of times the opponent and not to miss in his. The winning team, scored the highest number of goals in the opponent's net. Traditionally considered to be the birthplace of hockey in Montreal (Canada) (although more recent studies suggest superiority of Kingston, Ontario or Windsor, Nova Scotia). However, even some of the XVI century Dutch paintings shows a lot of people playing on a frozen canal in like a hockey game. But, despite this, the birthplace of modern hockey still considered Canada.

15. Curling

Finally curling - a team sports game on the icy ground. Participants at the two teams on the ice in turn allowed special heavy granite shells ("stones") toward the marked target on the ice ("home"). From each team - four players. It is known that curling originated in Scotland in the early XVI century, the actual evidence for the existence of this sports game is curling sports equipment (stone), the surface of which is stamped date of manufacture ("1511"), found at the bottom of the drained pond in Dunblane. The first historical mention of curling found in medieval monastery books, dated 1541 year, surviving in the Scottish Paisley Abbey.