E LECTRONIC F ETAL M ONITORS 1 8/15/2015

M ONITORING THE F ETAL H EART R ATE External monitoring is performed using a hand-held Doppler ultrasound probe to auscultate and count the FHR during a uterine contraction and for 30 seconds thereafter to identify fetal response. 2 8/15/2015

E XTERNAL MONITORING It may also be performed using an external transducer, which is placed on the maternal abdomen and held in place by an elastic belt or girdle. The transducer uses Doppler ultrasound to detect fetal heart motion and is connected to an FHR monitor. The monitor calculates and records the FHR on a continuous strip of paper. 3 8/15/2015

I NTERNAL MONITORING Is performed by attaching a screw-type electrode to the fetal scalp with a connection to an FHR monitor. The fetal membranes must be ruptured, and the cervix must be at least partially dilated before the electrode may be placed on the fetal scalp. 4 8/15/2015

I NTERMITTENT V S CONTINUOUS AUSCULTATION The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) states that with specific intervals, intermittent auscultation of the FHR is equivalent to continuous EFM in detecting fetal compromise. ACOG has recommended a 1:1 nurse-patient ratio if intermittent auscultation is used as the primary technique of FHR surveillance. The recommended intermittent auscultation protocol calls for auscultation every 30 minutes for low-risk patients in the active phase of labor and every 15 minutes in the second stage of labor. Continuous EFM is indicated when abnormalities occur with intermittent auscultation and for use in high-risk patients 5 8/15/2015

H IGH -R ISK I NDICATIONS FOR C ONTINUOUS M ONITORING OF F ETAL H EART R ATE Maternal medical illness: Gestational diabetes Hypertension Asthma Psychosocial risk factors No prenatal care Tobacco use and drug abuse 6 8/15/2015

H IGH -R ISK I NDICATIONS FOR C ONTINUOUS M ONITORING OF F ETAL H EART R ATE Obstetric complications Multiple gestation Post-date gestation Previous cesarean section Intrauterine growth restriction Premature rupture of the membranes Congenital malformations Third-trimester bleeding Oxytocin induction/augmentation of labor Preeclampsia 7 8/15/2015

B ENEFITS AND R ISKS OF EFM Benefits: 1. to detect early fetal distress resulting from fetal hypoxia and metabolic acidosis. 2. Closer assessment of high-risk mothers. Risks: a) tendency to produce false-positive results. b) fetal scalp infection and uterine perforation. 8 8/15/2015

N ORMAL P ATTERNS Normal rate: between 120 and 160 beats per minute (bpm). Short term variability (3-5 BPM) Long term variability (15 BPM above baseline, lasting seconds or longer) Contractions every 2-3 minutes, lasting about 60 seconds 9 8/15/2015

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FHR V ARIABILITY Loss of variability: 1. Prematurity: there is little rate fluctuation before 28 weeks Variability should be normal after 32 weeks 2. Fetal hypoxia 3. Congenital heart anomalies 4. Fetal tachycardia 5. May be uncomplicated and may be the result of fetal quiescence (rest-activity cycle or behavior state), in which case the variability usually increases spontaneously within 30 to 40 minutes 11 8/15/2015

Loss of variability: Uncomplicated loss of variability may also be caused by central nervous system depressants such as morphine, diazepam (Valium) and magnesium sulfate Beta-adrenergic agonists used to inhibit labor, such as ritodrine (Yutopar) 12 8/15/2015

T ACHYCARDIA >160 BPM Most are not suggestive of fetal jeopardy Associated with: Fetal hypoxia Maternal fever Hyperthyroidism Maternal or fetal anemia Drugs: Atropine,Ritodrine (Yutopar) Chorioamnionitis Fetal tachyarrhythmia Prematurity 13 8/15/2015

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B RADYCARDIA Bradycardia in the range of 100 to 120 bpm ( mild) 1. not associated with fetal acidosis. 2. common in post-date gestations 3. in fetuses with occiput posterior or transverse presentations. Bradycardia less than 100 bpm occurs in: a) fetuses with congenital heart abnormalities b) myocardial conduction defects Moderate bradycardia of 80 to 100 bpm is a nonreassuring pattern. Severe prolonged bradycardia of less than 80 bpm that lasts for three minutes or longer is an ominous finding indicating severe hypoxia and is often a terminal event. 15 8/15/2015

C AUSES OF S EVERE F ETAL B RADYCARDIA Prolonged cord compression Cord prolapse Tetanic uterine contractions Paracervical block Epidural and spinal anesthesia Maternal seizures Rapid descent Vigorous vaginal examination 16 8/15/2015

B RADYCARDIA 17 8/15/2015

L ATE D ECELERATIONS Associated with uteroplacental insufficiency and are provoked by uterine contractions. Any decrease in uterine blood flow or placental dysfunction Maternal hypotension Uterine hyperstimulation may decrease uterine blood flow. Postdate gestation Preeclampsia Chronic hypertension and diabetes mellitus Maternal conditions such as acidosis and hypovolemia (DKA) 18 8/15/2015

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E ARLY D ECELERATIONS Caused by fetal head compression during uterine contraction, resulting in vagal stimulation and slowing of the heart rate. Has a uniform shape, with a slow onset that coincides with the start of the contraction and a slow return to the baseline that coincides with the end of the contraction. It has the characteristic mirror image of the contraction These decelerations are not associated with fetal distress and thus are reassuring 20 8/15/2015

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V ARIABLE D ECELERATIONS Variable in onset, duration and depth May occur with contractions or between them Sudden onset/recovery Variable decelerations are shown by an acute fall in the FHR with a rapid downslope and a variable recovery phase. They are variable in duration, intensity and timing. They resemble the letter "U," "V" or "W" and may not bear a constant relationship to uterine contractions 22 8/15/2015

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S EVERE V ARIABLE D ECELERATIONS Most common pattern during labor In patients who have experienced premature rupture of membranes and decreased amniotic fluid volume. Variable decelerations are caused by compression of the umbilical cord. Pressure on the cord initially occludes the umbilical vein, which results in an acceleration and indicates a healthy response. This is followed by occlusion of the umbilical artery, which results in the sharp downslope. 24 8/15/2015

S IGNS OF N ONREASSURING V ARIABLE D ECELERATIONS THAT I NDICATE H YPOXEMIA Increased severity of the deceleration Late onset and gradual return phase Loss of "shoulders" on FHR recording A blunt acceleration or "overshoot" after severe deceleration Unexplained tachycardia Late decelerations or late return to baseline Decreased variability 25 8/15/2015

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P ROLONGED D ECELERATIONS Last > 60 seconds Occur in isolation Associated with: Maternal hypotension Epidural Paracervical block Tetanic contractions Umbilical cord prolapse 27 8/15/2015

N ONREASSURING AND O MINOUS P ATTERNS Fetal tachycardia Fetal bradycardia Saltatory variability Variable decelerations associated with a nonreassuring pattern Late decelerations with preserved beat- to-beat variability Persistent late decelerations with loss of beat-to-beat variability Nonreassuring variable decelerations associated with loss of beat-to-beat variability Prolonged severe bradycardia Sinusoidal pattern Confirmed loss of beat-to- beat variability not associated with fetal quiescence, medications or severe prematurity Nonreassuring patternsOminous patterns 28 8/15/2015

E MERGENCY I NTERVENTIONS FOR N ONREASSURING P ATTERNS Call for assistance Administer oxygen through a tight-fitting face mask Change maternal position (lateral or knee-chest) Administer fluid bolus (lactated Ringer's solution) Perform a vaginal examination and fetal scalp stimulation When possible, determine and correct the cause of the pattern Consider tocolysis (for uterine tetany or hyperstimulation) 29 8/15/2015

E MERGENCY I NTERVENTIONS FOR N ONREASSURING P ATTERNS Discontinue oxytocin if used Consider amnioinfusion (for variable decelerations) Determine whether operative intervention is warranted and, if so, how urgently it is needed 30 8/15/2015