Copper Chalcogenide Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Applications

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
T HIN FILM SOLAR CELLS Presented by Yao Sun. F UTURE ENERGY SOURCE Clean energy Most reasonable price for the future Available anywhere in the world 1.52*10^21.
Advertisements

Identification of Defects and Secondary Phases in Reactively Sputtered Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 Thin Films Vardaan Chawla, Stacey Bent, Bruce Clemens April 7 th, 2010.
May 27, 2004 Photovoltaics Laboratory Chalcogenide Solar Cells: Choosing the Window Colorado State University Funding: US National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
E bb **. E Looking only at this region in the Rectangle:
Solar cells are a promising, green energy source; however, cost and efficiency limitations prevent widespread adoption. We propose a solar cell design.
Structural Properties of Electron Beam Deposited CIGS Thin Films Author 1, Author 2, Author 3, Author 4 a Department of Electronics, Erode Arts College,
Motivation problem: global warming and climate change.
MSEG 667 Nanophotonics: Materials and Devices 10: Photovoltaics Prof. Juejun (JJ) Hu
Solid State Structure Edward A. Mottel Department of Chemistry Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology.
NEXT GENERATION THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS
Solid State Electrical Conductivity & Reactivity
Solar energy and solar cells As another renewable energy.
Dopants of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) for solar cells
Thin Film Photovoltaics By Justin Hibbard. What is a thin film photovoltaic? Thin film voltaics are materials that have a light absorbing thickness that.
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics NCKU Nano and MEMS Technology LAB. 1 Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin film Solar Cells July 15, 2015July 15, 2015July 15,
Techniques for achieving >20% conversion efficiency Si-based solar cells Presenter: TSUI, Kwong Hoi.
EE580 – Solar Cells Todd J. Kaiser Lecture 04 Semiconductor Materials Chapter 1 1Montana State University: Solar Cells Lecture 4: Semiconductor Materials.
H OW EFFICIENT MODERN SOLAR CELLS WORK. Yuichi Irisawa.
There are 7 II-VI semiconductor materials
The Ancient “Periodic Table”. Survey of the Periodic Table Semiconductor Materials Formed from Atoms in Various Columns.
Energy of the Future: Solar Cells Rade Kuljic 1, Hyeson Jung 1, Ayan Kar 1, Michael A. Stroscio 1,2 and Mitra Dutta 1,3 1 Department of Electrical and.
Powered Paint: Nanotech Solar Ink Brian A. Korgel Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, Center for Nano- and Molecular Science.
Solar Cells Rawa’a Fatayer.
Fraunhofer Technology Center Semiconductor Materials Institute for Experimental Physics TU Bergakademie Freiberg Industrial aspects of silicon material.
Light management in thin-film solar cells Albert Polman Center for Nanophotonics FOM-Institute AMOLF Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Computational Materials Design for highly efficient In-free CuInSe 2 solar sells Yoshida Lab. Yoshimasa Tani.
Universität Karlsruhe (TH) 1 Photovoltaics. Lecture 6. CIGS. From previous lecture: Contacts resistance and recombination. TOM TIEDJE et al., IEEE TRANS.
Characterization of CuInSe 2 Thin Films for Photovoltaics Celina S. Dozier FAMU-FSU: Dr. Eric Kalu CMU: Dr. Paul Salvador.
Alternative Energy Sources Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) Timothy McLeod Summer 2006.
Towards sustainable photovoltaics: the search for new materials by L. M. Peter Philosophical Transactions A Volume 369(1942): May 13, 2011 ©2011.
InGaN solar cells show promise for concentrated photovoltaic applications Jingyu Lin, Texas Tech University, DMR InGaN alloys recently emerge as.
Materials Science PV Enn Mellikov. Solar cell Polycrystalline Si.
Interplay of polarization fields and Auger recombination in the efficiency droop of nitride light-emitting diodes APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 101, (2012)
Comparative study of processes for CdTe and CIGS thin-film solar cell technologies 5070 term paper presentation FENG Zhuoqun Dec. 3, 2014.
Solar Energy Part 2: Photovoltaic cells San Jose State University FX Rongère Janvier 2009.
Thin films of CZTS prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition Andrea Cazzaniga 1 *, Rebecca Bolt Ettlinger 1, Sara Engberg 1, Stela Canulescu 1, Andrea Crovetto.
Dr. Karl Molter / FH Trier / 2. Solar-cell Technologies Materials Technologies Market shares and development Zum Original:
Nurcihan AYDEMİR Kürşad UYANIK
Solar Photovoltaic Technologies & Operation Chris Lombardo CHE 384 November 20, 2006.
Research Opportunities in Laser Surface Texturing/Crystallization of Thin-Film Solar Cells Y. Lawrence Yao Columbia University January 4 th, 2011 Research.
Module 2/7: Solar PV Module Technologies. Module 1 : Solar Technology Basics Module 2: Solar Photo Voltaic Module Technologies Module 3: Designing Solar.
Liping Yu , Alex Zunger PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 108, (2012)
(M): No Class (Memorial Day) 5.27 (W): Energy and Nanotechnology 5.28 (Th): LAB: Solar Cell (M): Project Presentations 6.03 (W): LAB: Antimicrobial.
Developing Nanostructured Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Semiconductors for Optoelectronic Applications Jing Li, Rutgers University New Brunswick, DMR
Nanotechnology Application for Solar Cells: Using Quantum Dots to Modify Absorption Properties QUANTUM NANOS INC.
Comments on Band Offsets Alex Zunger University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado S.H. Wei, NREL.
Development and studies of thin film nanocrystal based photovoltaics. By Mauricio Andrade ChE 389 Department of Chemical Engineering Summer 2007.
Heterojunction Solar Cells Using Chemically co-doped Titania Nanotube Arrays for Simultaneous Light Absorption and Carrier Transport Hao Zeng, SUNY at.
Introduction to Thin Film CIGS Solar Cells
Macroscopic versus Microscopic uniformity in Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 absorber layers: the role of temperature and selenium supply Mehrnoush Mokhtarimehr Jose Marquez.
NANO SCIENCE IN SOLAR ENERGY
Characterization of flower-like ZnO nanostructure thin film produced by chemical bath deposition method Characterization of flower-like ZnO nanostructure.
II-VI Semiconductor Materials, Devices, and Applications
Hadi Maghsoudi 27 February 2015
Characterization of mixed films
1 Tandem and thin-film solar cells LECTURE 22 Si sliver cells tandem junction solar cells CIGS as a promising solar absorber CIGS solar cells heterojunction.
INTRODUCTION  Renewable Energy or Non-Renewable Energy? OR.
CCMGCCMGCCMGCCMGCCMGCCMGCCMGCCMG Ji-Hui Yang, Shiyou Chen, Wan-Jian Yin, and X.G. Gong Department of Physics and MOE laboratory for computational physical.
Solar cell technology ‘ We are on the cusp of a new era of Energy Independence ‘
Fig. 5 from High-efficiency heterojunction crystalline Si solar cell and optical splitting structure fabricated by applying thin-film Si technology (Image.
Lecture: Solar cell technologies, world records and some new concepts Prof Ken Durose University of Liverpool.
Organic Solar Cells: The Technology and the Future
Hadi Maghsoudi 27 February 2015
Study of the Film and Junction Properties in CIGS Solar Cells
Half-Metallic Ferromagnetism in Fe-doped Zn3P2 From First-Principles Calculations G. JAI GANESH and S. MATHI JAYA Materials Science Group, Indira Gandhi.
Shafi Ullah, Miguel Mollar, Bernabé Mari
مدل‏سازی الکتریکی و نوری در سلول‏های خورشیدی لایه نازک: با تمرکز بر سلول‏های خورشیدی آلی لایه نازک استاد: دکتر شهرام محمدنژاد  
Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Photovoltaics
Organic Solar Cells: The Technology and the Future
Fabrication of SnS/SnS2 heterostructures
Presentation transcript:

Copper Chalcogenide Semiconductors for Photovoltaic Applications Brian Evanko Materials 286G 2 June 2014

Thin Film Solar cells Thin film solar cell semiconductors have very high absorption coefficients and are manufactured with much less material. Efficiency is lower than crystalline Si, but so is $/W. P-type absorber layer: Eg from 1 to 1.5 eV Absorption coefficient > 104 cm-1 TFPV also benefits from flexibility CdTe is industry standard, but cadmium toxicity and tellurium shortage with exponential growth are problematic Towards $.50/W Al Hicks. Driving Solar Innovations from Laboratory to Marketplace. NREL Continuum. 2014. www.nrel.gov/continuum/spectrum/photovoltaics.cfm

Copper Chalcogenides CZTS CIGS Cu2S Y. Zhao and C. Burda, “Development of plasmonic semiconductor nanomaterials with copper chalcogenides for a future with sustainable energy materials,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, p. 5564, 2012. Material cost and abundance CU2S - First successful thin film technology CIGS - Declining cost of crystalline Si versus In and Ga => Solyndra CZTS - Earth abundance is desirable CZTS CIGS Cu2S

Outline Binary Cu2S Early Cu2S/CdS cells Material instability Ternary (I-III-VI2) materials Copper indium selenide (CIS) Copper gallium selenide (CGS) and CIGS Derivation of chalcopyrite from zinc blende Quaternary (I2-II-IV-VI4) materials Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) and selenide (CZTSe) Derivation of kesterite from chalcopyrite

Cuprous Sulfide (Cu2S) P-type with 1.2 eV band gap CdS/Cu2S heterojunction cells have efficiencies of 10% Most common synthesis method is cation exchange by dipping CdS film into CuCl Cu2S Cu1+ Cu1+ S2- 4s03d10 3s23p6 Cu Diffusion/stability. Problem. Toxicity Chemical simplicity means easier processing Sulfur valence has a full octet/complete shell configuration J. Tang, Z. Huo, Sarah Brittman, Hanwei Gao and Peidong Yang . “Solution-processed core–shell nanowires for efficient photovoltaic cells.” Nature Nanotechnology 6, 568–572 (2011).

Structure of CuxS Phases Q. Xu, B. Huang, Y. Zhao, Y. Yan, R. Noufi, and S.-H. Wei, “Crystal and electronic structures of CuxS solar cell absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 100, no. 6, p. 061906, 2012. HCP backbone of sulfur anions with interstitial “fluid” of copper atoms Low chalcocite: 96 copper atoms, 48 Sulfur atoms. Monoclinic Phase purity problems. Vacancy stability plus “disproportionation” of Cu+ to Cu0 and Cu2+ gives static Cu2+ (bound to sulfur lattice) and highly mobile Cu0

Analysis of CuxS Synthesizing and identifying phase-pure materials is difficult Digenite Hard to get phase purity. Djurlite is difficult to distinguish from chalcocite by XRD, and surface is unstable in ambient conditions Anilite is most stable, with 1.4 eV bandgap. NREL thinks it may be promising, especially if Sn-doped Y. Zhao and C. Burda, “Development of plasmonic semiconductor nanomaterials with copper chalcogenides for a future with sustainable energy materials,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, p. 5564, 2012. R. Blachnik and A. Muller, “The formation of Cu2S from the elements I. Copper used in form of powders,” Thermochim. Acta, vol. 361, pp. 31–52, 2000

Copper Indium Selenide CuInSe2 (CIS) has Eg = 1 eV I-III-VI2 copper chalcogenide semiconductor with chalcopyrite structure Band gap is tunable from 1 eV – 1.7 eV by forming solid solution with CuGaSe2 (CGS) CuInxGa1-xSe2 (CIGS) now rivals CdTe with 20% solar energy conversion efficiency

Chalcopyrite Crystal Structure ZnS Zn2+ S2- Cu+ In3+ Se2- Se2- CuInSe2 Zinc Blende Chalcopyrite Zinc Blende interpenetrating fcc, but not rock salt. It is diamond cubic with alternating S and Zn Can see why CIS is a good semiconductor and understand its structure simultaneously by starting with ZnS ZnS II-VI semiconductor wide band gap Fork Zn2+ All atoms are 4-coordinated en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphalerite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chalcopyrite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png

Density of States Top of the valence band is a hybridization of Cu d-states and Se p-states. VB has antibonding character. Energy is increased by repulsive p-d interactions, lowering the band gap. This behavior is different than many semiconductors, and attributed to the high-energy Cu d-electrons S. Siebentritt, M. Igalson, C. Persson, and S. Lany, “The electronic structure of chalcopyrites-bands, point defects and grain boundaries,” Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 390–410, Sep. 2010. Note Ga band gap is higher than that of In

Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has Eg=1.5 eV I2-II-IV-VI4 copper chalcogenide semiconductor with kesterite structure Band gap is tunable from 1 eV – 1.5 eV by forming solid solution with Cu2ZnSnSe4 to get Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 (CZTSSe) CZTSSe has surpassed 10% solar energy conversion efficiency Earth abundant materials

Kesterite Crystal Structure CuInSe2 Cu+ In3+ Se2- Se2- Cu+ Cu+ Zn2+ Sn4+ S2- S2- S2- S2- Cu2ZnSnS4 J. Paier, R. Asahi, A. Nagoya, and G. Kresse, “Cu2ZnSnS4 as a potential photovoltaic material: A hybrid Hartree-Fock density functional theory study,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 79, no. 11, pp. 115–126, Mar. 2009. Chalcopyrite Kesterite Alternating layers Compare to Zinc Blende Valence octet

Density of States For CZTS and CZTSe, the top of the valence band is a hybridization of Cu d-states and chalcogen p-states, similar to CIGS. C. Persson, “Electronic and optical properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 107, no. 5, p. 053710, 2010. Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 Kesterite Cu2ZnSnSe4

CZTS Electronic Structure Molecular interaction and band diagrams for CZTS J. Paier, R. Asahi, A. Nagoya, and G. Kresse, “Cu2ZnSnS4 as a potential photovoltaic material: A hybrid Hartree-Fock density functional theory study,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 79, no. 11, pp. 115–126, Mar. 2009. “A” LCAO is hybridization of Cu-4s, Zn-4s, and Sn-5p Top of VB is again anti-bonding, decreasing gap Sub-band splitting can be see in the molecular interaction diagram and in the band diagram

Performance Copper chalcogenides are well represented in the categories of thin-film and emerging photovoltaics. Research Cell Efficiency Records. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2014. www.nrel.gov/ncpv/

Summary Cu2S showed early promise but is limited by low stability. CISe has a chalcopyrite structure and a low band gap Eg can be increased by incorporating gallium. CZTS has a kesterite structure and a high band gap Eg can be decreased by incorporating selenium Chalcopyrite and kesterite are derived from zinc blende I. Repins, N. Vora, C. Beall, S. Wei, Y. Yan, M. Romero, G. Teeter, H. Du, B. To, and M. Young, “Kesterites and Chalcopyrites : A Comparison of Close Cousins,” in Materials Research Society Spring Meeting, 2011, no. May.

Questions