ANALOG AND DIGITAL

 Center frequency of operation  Bandwidth  Insertion loss (for 360° phase shift)  VSWR or return loss  Switching time (for digital operation) or time required for 360° phase change (for analog operation)  Switching power or energy (for digital operation) or dc holding power (for analog operation)  Phase error  Power-handling capability(peak and average)

They are broadly divided into:  Ferrite Phase Shifters  Semiconductor Phase Shifters

Ferrite Phase Shifters Non Reciprocal ReciprocalNon Reciprocal Reciprocal Twin-toroid Toroidal Helical Circular toroid in circular waveguide Toroidal latching in stripline Slow-wave structure in stripline Microstrip meander line Toroidal co- planar waveguide Dual mode Faraday rotation Stripline latching Microstrip meander line WaveguidePlanar/MIC

Semiconductor Phase Shifters Reciprocal Non reciprocal P-I-N diode GaAs FET (Passive) Switched line Hybrid coupled Loaded line High-pass low- pass Switched network GaAs FET (active switch) Switched path GaAs FET (passive) GaAs FET (active switch) Switched line/loaded line Hybrid coupled High-pass low -pass Switched path DGFET Planar/hybrid MICMonolithic

Twin-Toroid (S-V Bands) Dual-Mode (S-V Bands) PIN Diode (L-Ku Bands) GaAs FET (L-V Bands) GeometryWaveguide Hybrid MICMonolithic Reciprocal/ Non reciprocal Reciprocal Bandwidth5% - 30%5% - 10%10% - 20%Octave Insertion loss(dB) (S-Ka-V) (S-Ka-V) (L-Ku) 5-12 Switching time(µs) (V-Ka-S) (V-Ka-S) < Switching power/energy µJ (V-Ka-S) µJ (V-Ka-S) WNegligible FERRITE PHASE SHIFTERSSEMICONDUCTOR PHASE SHIFTERS

Twin-Toroid (S-V Bands) Dual-Mode (S-V Bands) PIN Diode (L-Ku Bands) GaAs FET (L-V Bands) Peak Power1-100 kW (Ka-S) 1-40 kW (Ka-S) kW (pulse width dependent) W Average Power1 kW (S- band) 500 W (S- Band) WmW Temperature Sensitivity 0.5º-3º /ºC Typical 0.5º-3º /ºC Typical Negligible-- Insertion phase trimming for 10% tolerance Usually required Not necessary Not necessary Radiation hardness Excellent Poor-- Weight1-4 oz (Ka-L) 1-4 oz (Ka-L) oz (Ku-L) <0.1 oz FERRITE PHASE SHIFTERS SEMICONDUCTOR PHASE SHIFTERS

Analog Phase Shifters Semiconductor Reciprocal Non reciprocal Ferrite Reciprocal Reggia Spencer Rotary Field Varactor Diode GaAs FET (variable gain amplifier) Varactor Diode Hybrid coupled DGFET circuit using vector summation Hybrid coupled