Urinary System: Dr. Larry Johnson Texas A&M University

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Urinary System: Dr. Larry Johnson Texas A&M University Part 1 Kidney and nephron 36748 Dr. Larry Johnson Texas A&M University

Objectives Part 1 Kidney and nephron Describe the structure of the kidney and distinguish between cortical and medullary organization. Identify and differentiate between the portions of the nephron. Trace blood flow through the kidney. Describe the structural organization of the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.

hilum

URINARY SYSTEM - FUNCTION IN HOMEOSTASIS RID BODY OF WASTE (UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE, SALTS) PRESERVES CONSTANCY OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID IN COMPOSITION, VOLUME, AND pH ENDOCRINE FUNCTION SECRETE ERYTHROPOIETIN - RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION PRODUCES RENIN - ALDOSTERONE RELEASE

hilum

Slide 32: Kidney (H&E) Calyx Apex of renal pyramid Renal calyx CT adventia capsule Calyx Renal pyramind and calyx Medulla Renal pelvis Cortex Simple columnar to transitional-like epithelium of pyramid

Slide 32: Kidney (H&E) Arcuate arteries Segmental vein Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Blood flow: Renal artery > segmental artery > interlobar artery > arcuate artery > interlobular artery > afferent arteriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole > peritubular capillaries (assoc. with convoluted tubules) OR vasa recta (assoc. with loop of henle) > interlobular vein > arcuate vein > interlobar vein > segmental vein > renal vein. Interlobular artery

Juxtamedullary nephrons Slide 32: Kidney (H&E) Capsule Cortex Cortex Medulla Medulla Arcuate arteries Juxtamedullary nephrons Medullary rays

KIDNEY FUNCTION BASED ON COMBINATION OF cortex FILTRATION ACTIVE SECRETION PASSIVE DIFFUSION SELECTIVE ABSORPTION 32 medulla

Evolution – Animals escaping predators Fresh water Salt water

PORTAL ARTERIOLE

Function of a portal system? ARTERIAL PORTAL SYSTEM = CAPILLARY  PORTAL ARTERIOLE  CAPILLARY afferent ARTERIOLE efferent ARTERIOLE, and PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES Function of a portal system? local change in blood composition whereby the first capillary modifies and second allows the change in composition to affect local cells near it. 1st 2nd 1st 2nd

Renal corpuscle Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies

Cells of the GLOMERULUS and capsule PARIETAL EPITHELIUM PODOCYTE MESANGIAL CELL ENDOTHELIAL CELL

PARIETAL EPITHELIUM PODOCYTE MESANGIAL CELL ENDOTHELIAL CELL MESANGIAL CELLs SECRETE ERYTHROPOIETIN - RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION

Slide 32: Kidney (H&E) Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Renal corpuscle Urinary pole Renal Corpuscle Urinary space Parietal epithelium Bowman’s capsule Podocyte Glomerulus Renal corpuscle Visceral epithelium Arteriole of vascular pole Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa

19713 kidney Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubules Distal convoluted tubules Proximal convoluted t ubules

Slide 32: Kidney (H&E) Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa of distal tubule Juxtaglomerular cells Distal convoluted tubules Proximal convoluted tubules Microvilli Brush border

0 to 8 mg/dL protein in urine is considered normal. Proximal convoluted tubules 0 to 8 mg/dL protein in urine is considered normal. The brush border is involved in reabsorption of protein.

19713 Human kidney cortex Proximal convoluted tubules Adventia capsule with no mesothelium The intense eosinophilia of the cytoplasm of cells in the proximal convoluted tubules results from the glycocalyx covering the brush border staining intensely eosinophilic and the high density of membranes within the cells. These membranes and the high density of PCTs in the cortex are responsible for the PCTs absorbing most of filtered water from the renal corpuscle. Renal corpuscle

Proximal convoluted tubules Toulidine blue kidney Proximal convoluted tubules Urinary pole PCT DCT Glomerulus Collecting ducts

EM 18b 36748

Slide 33: Kidney (PAS/Hematoxylin) Basement membranes are PAS positive Brush border of proximal tubule stain PAS positive due to the rich the glycocalyx covering its numerous microvilli. Distal tubule

EM 30 & 43

Components of the filtration barrier: 1. The fenestrations of the capillary endothelium, which blocks blood cells and platelets 2. The thick, combined basal laminae, or GBM, which restricts large proteins and some organic anions 3. The filtration slit diaphragms between pedicels, which restrict some small proteins and organic anions EM 18a

filtrate blood

GLOMERULUS - PASSIVE ULTRAFILTRATION (ball park values) ENDOTHELIAL CELL >600,000 MW BASAL LAMINA >160,000 MW FILTRATION SLITS >70,000 MW

Histologic features and major functions of regions with renal tubules Region of Tubule Histological Features Locations Major Functions Proximal convoluted tubules Simple cuboidal epithelium Cells well-stained with numerous mitochondria Prominent basal folds and lateral interdigitations Long microvilli, lumens often occluded Cortex Reabsorption of all organic nutrients, all proteins, most water and electrolytes Secretion of organic anions and cations, H+, and NH4+ Thin limbs of Loop of Henle Simple squamous epithelium Few mitochondria Medulla Passive reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- Thick ascending limb (TAL) of Loop of Henle No microvilli Medulla and medullary rays Active reabsorption of various electrolytes Distal convoluted tubules Cells smaller than in proximal convoluted tubules Short microvilli and basolateral folds More empty lumens Reabsorption of electrolytes Principle cells of Collecting system Most abundant Cuboidal to columnar Pale-staining Distinct cell membranes Medullary rays and medulla Regulated reabsorption of water and electrolytes Regulated secretion of K+ Intercalated cells of Collecting system Few and scattered Slightly darker staining Medullary rays Reabsorption of K+ (low-K+ diet) Help maintain acid-base balance

Slide 32: Kidney (H&E) Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle Thick descending limb of loop of Henle Thin limb of loop of Henle Collecting duct

19713 kidney medulla Descending PT CD CD ThLH CD Cap TnLH Cap Cap CD

Kidney medulla (Lee’ s stain) – thin portion of loop of Henle Blood capillaries Loop of Henle Collecting tubule

Transitions 36748

Toulidine blue kidney Peritubular capillaries of the vasa recta 36748 Ascending loop of Henle Peritubular capillaries of the vasa recta Distal tubules Transition from ascending loop of Henle to distal tubules 36748 Descending loop of Henle Transition from proximal tubules to thin descending loop of Henle

Infolding of the basal cell membrane line up mitochondria 36748 Transitions from ascending loop of Henle to distal tubules Ascending portion of loop of Henle attached to the distal tubule Infolding of the basal cell membrane line up mitochondria in cells of the distal tubule.

36748 Ascending loop of Henle Distal tubule Blood capillaries of the vasa recta Descending loop of Henle

19713 kidney CT CT TnLH ThLH CT CT Cap CT Cap

458 kidney Collecting duct

32 cortex medulla Minor calyx

Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modified from the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources! Bruce Alberts, et al. 1983. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. Bruce Alberts, et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. William J. Banks, 1981. Applied Veterinary Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Los Angeles, CA. Hans Elias, et al. 1978. Histology and Human Microanatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Don W. Fawcett. 1986. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA. Don W. Fawcett. 1994. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. Arthur W. Ham and David H. Cormack. 1979. Histology. J. S. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA. Luis C. Junqueira, et al. 1983. Basic Histology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA. L. Carlos Junqueira, et al. 1995. Basic Histology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT. L.L. Langley, et al. 1974. Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. W.W. Tuttle and Byron A. Schottelius. 1969. Textbook of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO. Leon Weiss. 1977. Histology Cell and Tissue Biology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, NY. Leon Weiss and Roy O. Greep. 1977. Histology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. Nature (http://www.nature.com), Vol. 414:88,2001. Arthur C. Guyton,1971.Textbook of Medical Physiology W.B. Saunders company, Philadelphia, PA WW Tuttle and BA Schottelius 1969 Textbook of Physiology C.V. Mosby Co. A.L. Mescher 2013 Junqueira’s Basis Histology text and atlas, 13th ed. McGraw Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, Histology Laboratory Manual - Slide selections were largely based on this manual for first year medical students at TAMHSC

End of the Urinary System: Part 1 Next Urinary System: Part 2 Function and excretory ducts

Urinary System: Dr. Larry Johnson Texas A&M University Part 2 Function and excretory ducts 36748 Dr. Larry Johnson Texas A&M University

Objectives: Part 2 Function and excretory ducts Describe the structure of the kidney and distinguish between cortical and medullary organization. Identify and differentiate between the portions of the nephron. Trace blood flow through the kidney. Describe the structural organization of the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.

hilum

19713 kidney thin loop of Henle in cortex

The density of the cortex is dominated by the proximal convoluted tubules. However, the thin loop of Henle can be found in the cortex too.

The greatest change in flow rate occurs in the proximal tubule which reabsorbs 80% of the filtrate. Flow rate

Cortical nephrons Loop increases temperature over straight tube with same amount of heat Juxtamedullay nephrons

Peritubular capillaries Capillaries of the vasa recta

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES ABSORBS - 180 LITERS/DAY FROM INTERSTITIAL SPACES; THUS, ~4 TIMES REABSORPTION OF VENOUS END OF ALL OTHER CAPILLARIES OF BODY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS - EXTREMELY POROUS COLLOIDAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF PLASMA PROTEINS LOW CAPILLARY PRESSURE PROXIMITY TO URINIFEROUS TUBULES PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

peritubular fenestrated endothelium

Rich blood supply of peritubular capillaries and vasa recta cortex 260 Arcuate arteries medulla

Countercurrent exchanger Capillaries of the vasa recta

Countercurrent Multiplier Countercurrent exchanger nephron

WW Tuttle and BA Schottelius Textbook of Physiology C.V. Mosby Co.

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Renin granules in JG cells of Kidney (PAS) 258 Renin granules in JG cells of Kidney (PAS)

ANGIOTENSINOGEN (PLASMA GLOBULIN) RENIN (ENZYME from JG cells) ANGIOTENSIN 1 (PLASMA ENZYME) ANGIOTENSIN II (MOST POTENT VASOCONSTRICTOR)

INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE ANGIOTENSIN II VASOCONSTRICTION ALDOSTERONE RELEASE FROM ADRENALS INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASED SODIUM (WATER REABSORPTION BY DISTAL TUBULE) INCREASED BLOOD VOLUME

Adrenal function Aldosterone stimulates Na+ resorption in: distal tubule of kidney gastric mucosa salivary glands sweat glands

Proteinuria Several diseases may induce proteinuria: In diseases such as diabetes mellitus and glomerulonephritis, the glomerular filter is altered and becomes much more permeable to proteins, with the subsequent release of protein into the urine Proteinuria is an indicator of many potential kidney disorders. 0 to 8 mg/dL protein in urine is considered normal.

kidney cortex medulla Minor calyx

458 kidney Minor calyx

Fluid transport and ureters All images Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies

Slide 34: Ureter (upper 1/3) 2 3 4 5 1. Transitional epithelium Transitional epithelium 2. Lamina propria 3. Longitudinal smooth muscle 4. Circular smooth muscle 5. Adventia

Ureter – transitional epithelium and smooth muscle The shape of the urethral lumen is semi-lunar and slit-like

Slide 35: Urinary bladder 6 5 4 3 Transitional epithelium 6. Serosa 2 5. Outer longitudinal smooth muscle 1 4. Middle circular smooth muscle 3. Inner longitudinal smooth muscle 2. Lamina propria 1. Transitional epithelium

Urinary bladder, monkey

Urinary bladder Nerve and mesothelium Transitional epithelium Smooth muscle 160

Human Penis – transitional epithelium and surrounding spongy cavernous of penal urethra

Slide 98: Penile urethra (monkey) Transitional epithelium

Differentiating between tubules in the cortex Study Guide Differentiating between tubules in the cortex Proximal convoluted tubules most numerous around the renal corpuscle taller cuboidal cells brush border with small lumen intensely eosinophilic Distal convoluted tubules smaller cuboidal cells proportionally larger lumen less intensely eosinophilic macula densa

Differentiating between tubules in the Medulla Study Guide Differentiating between tubules in the Medulla Thick descending limb Intensely eosinophilic (resembles proximal convoluted tubule) More cuboidal than proximal convoluted tubule Thick ascending limbs Cuboidal Less intensely eosinophilic (resembled distal convoluted tubule) Confused with collecting duct, but no distinct cell boundaries, no scalloped appearance Thin limb Simple squamous epithelium Nuclei often bulge into the lumen Capillaries Nuclei do not bulge into the lumen Blood cells sometimes present Collecting ducts Tall cuboidal to columnar epithelium Light staining similar to distal convoluted tubule Apical surface often appears “scalloped” Distinct lateral cell boundaries

Cortical nephrons Juxtamedullay nephrons

Cortical nephrons Juxtamedullay nephrons

Functions of the Urinary system

Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modified from the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources! Bruce Alberts, et al. 1983. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. Bruce Alberts, et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. William J. Banks, 1981. Applied Veterinary Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Los Angeles, CA. Hans Elias, et al. 1978. Histology and Human Microanatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Don W. Fawcett. 1986. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA. Don W. Fawcett. 1994. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. Arthur W. Ham and David H. Cormack. 1979. Histology. J. S. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA. Luis C. Junqueira, et al. 1983. Basic Histology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA. L. Carlos Junqueira, et al. 1995. Basic Histology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT. L.L. Langley, et al. 1974. Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. W.W. Tuttle and Byron A. Schottelius. 1969. Textbook of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO. Leon Weiss. 1977. Histology Cell and Tissue Biology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, NY. Leon Weiss and Roy O. Greep. 1977. Histology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. Nature (http://www.nature.com), Vol. 414:88,2001. Arthur C. Guyton,1971.Textbook of Medical Physiology W.B. Saunders company, Philadelphia, PA WW Tuttle and BA Schottelius 1969 Textbook of Physiology C.V. Mosby Co. A.L. Mescher 2013 Junqueira’s Basis Histology text and atlas, 13th ed. McGraw Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, Histology Laboratory Manual - Slide selections were largely based on this manual for first year medical students at TAMHSC

End of the Urinary System: Part 2

The End! My wife’s horse Sam