KNOWLEDGE AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Coping with diversity Henrik Halkier Professor of Regional and Tourism Studies Aalborg University Denmark

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KNOWLEDGE AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Coping with diversity Henrik Halkier Professor of Regional and Tourism Studies Aalborg University Denmark

Henrik Halkier Aalborg University Denmark KNOWLEDGE AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Coping with diversity

Henrik Halkier Aalborg University Denmark KNOWLEDGE AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Coping with diversity

1. Issues: Knowledge and tourism (and EURODITE) 2. Conceptualising knowledge dynamics 3. Knowledge, public policy, and tourism diversity KNOWLEDGE AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Coping with diversity

KNOWLEDGE, TOURISM (and EURODITE) Policy concerns  EU Lisbon strategy in practice: high-tech, big-science ?  cluster-mania in policy communities across Europe EURODITE  network researching regional knowledge dynamics  focus on seven selected sectors, including tourism  sectoral / territorial knowledge dynamics  firm-level case studies

CONCEPTUALISING KNOWLEDGE DYNAMICS  knowledge types: different truth criteria analytical, synthetic, symbolic  knowledge phases: purpose of activity exploration, examination, exploitation  knowledge sites: location explicit, complicit, implicit individual, collective  knowledge processes: drivers, strategies, institutions regulation, markets, networks, corporate objectives organisational, professional, markets, products/processes

FROM TOURISM TO TOURISMS Travel services commercial infrastructural On-site services accommodation catering transport On-site activities prescribed/voluntary non-/commercial Market intelligence Production /consumption Consumption monitoring Conception / design / marketing

FROM TOURISM TO TOURISMS

Drivers and organisation of tourism activities Purpose PleasureDuty Organi- sation Indiv- idual Tourist destinations Pilgrimage Accidental tourism Visiting relatives Corpo- rate Package tours Trekking, Cruises MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions) FROM TOURISM TO TOURISMS

INDIVIDUAL PLEASURE: DESTINATION TOURISM Travel services flights roads On-site services hotels/B&Bs rentals/campsites restaurants, shops car hire On-site activities voluntary, attractions cultural/natural Market intelligence Conception / design / marketing Production /consumption Consumption monitoring (Budget) airlines (Inter)national chains SMEs Promotional bodies Public/private providers Promotional bodies Targeted tourists

AnalyticalSyntheticSymbolic Exploration(Market research) ExaminationMarket research ExploitationProduct development Promotion development INDIVIDUAL PLEASURE: DESTINATION TOURISM

Drivers / responses Organi- sational Profes-sionalMarketProduct/ process RegulationNetworkingPromotion Certification Market structure Networking(Research)Networked promotion (Research) Networked innovation (Research) NetworksBrand-based presence Convenient travel Corporate objectives Brand-based presence Cheap travel Destination SMEs Hotel chains Airlines INDIVIDUAL PLEASURE: DESTINATION TOURISM

ORGANISED PLEASURE: PACKAGE TOURISM Travel services flights roads Market intelligence Conception / design / marketing Production /consumption Consumption monitoring TOUR OPERATORS Subcontractors in transport/accommodation Tour operators Public/private providers Promotional bodies Targeted tourists On-site activities voluntary, excursions 4 Ss (sun, sex,...) attractions On-site services hotels restaurants, shops car hire

AnalyticalSyntheticSymbolic Exploration(Market research) ExaminationMarket research ExploitationProduct development Promotion development ORGANISED PLEASURE: PACKAGE TOURISM

Drivers / responses Organi-sationalProfessionalMarketProduct/ process Regulation Market structure Graduate recruitment Promotion Research Innovation Research Networks Corporate objectives International mergers ORGANISED PLEASURE: PACKAGE TOURISM

KNOWLEDGE SITES IN TOURISM IndividualCollective Explicit TrainingGuidelines Implicit Practice Complicit Formal/informal networks Package holidays Hotel chains Airlines Destination SMEs

KNOWLEDGE DYNAMICS ISSUES IN TOURISM Intersection of tourisms  expectation of different knowledge dynamics  degree of coexistence within localities/regions/nations  some actors involved in different tourisms  a challenge for schizophrenic public policies ... and for EURODITE case studies diverse dynamics and their interaction