Ecology: the study of interrelationships between organisms and their environment Basic unit studied: the organism! Abiotic = nonliving (air, water, soil)

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Ecology: the study of interrelationships between organisms and their environment Basic unit studied: the organism! Abiotic = nonliving (air, water, soil) Biotic = living (plants and animals) Ecology is part of biology (the study of ___?) LIFE! (Bio = life)

Ecology: the study of interrelationships between organisms and their environment Ecology means the study of home Eco is also in economics How are ecology and economics similar?? Benefit – cost = $$ in economics Benefit – cost = survival in ecology (for the organism!)

Levels of organization Subatomic particles atoms moleculesorganelles cells tissues organs Organ systems Multicellular ORGANISM! populationcommunityecosystem biosphere

Levels of organization Subatomic particles atoms moleculesorganelles cells tissues organs Organ systems Multicellular ORGANISM! populationcommunityecosystem biosphere Smallest living unit

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells ProkaryoticEukaryotic Primitivemodern Simplecomplex DNA is in nucleiod regionDNA is in nucleus No membrane boundmembrane boundorganelles Smaller Larger

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

1. Archae: Prokaryotic cells Extreme environments 2. Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells Extreme environments 3 Domains 3. Eukarya: Eukaryotic Cells Protisits, Fungi, Plants, Animals

Domains/Kingdoms Archae: single-celled, prokaryotic, extreme environments, look like bacteria Bacteria (Eubacteria): true bacteria, single-celled, prokaryotic, includes E. coli Eukarya: Protista: single-celled plants and animals, eukaryotic, includes Paramecium (pond water organisms) Fungi: multicellular, eukaryotic, chemotrophs, decompsers, includes: yeasts, molds and mushrooms Plantae: multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs (photosynthesis), includes: grass, shrubs, trees Animalia: multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, motile, includes: you!

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells ProkaryoticEukaryotic Primitivemodern Simplecomplex DNA is in nucleiod regionDNA is in nucleus No membrane boundmembrane boundorganelles Smaller Larger Bacteria, ArchaeProtists, Fungi, Plants Animals

Unnumbered Figure 15_UN310

Domain Eukarya

Taxonomy Linnaeus/binomial name (Genus species) Humans = Homo sapiens Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Homology = similarity in structure due to a common ancestor Analogy = similarity in function not due to a common ancestor DNA comparison

Homologous Structures

Let’s play: Which is more closely related? BAT, BIRD, DOG?? BAT & BIRD? BAT & DOG? DOG & BIRD? BAT & DOG!! WHY?? THEY ARE BOTH MAMMALS (fur and teeth)

Schools of Taxonomy Phenetics: looks for similarity and differences whether homology or analogy Phylogenetics/systematics: use homologies to map evolutionary relationship Phylogenetic tree: series of branches

Energy flow: Food Chain Grass (producer) Mouse (herbivore) Snake (primary carnivore) Hawk (secondary carnivore) Should this be drawn in a line as above or another shape???

Energy pyramid

What did we leave out?? Grass (producer) Mouse (herbivore) Snake (primary carnivore) Hawk (secondary carnivore) Decomposers (detritivores) = the recyclers!!!

Food Web (multiple food chains)