Large Molecules used in Biology

 3 types of Carbohydrates:  Monosaccharides – One sugar (mono-)  Disaccharides – Two sugar (di-)  Polysaccharides – Many sugar (poly-)

 Monosaccharide  Body’s FIRST source of energy! ▪ When exercising, you will use this energy source first. ▪ Use this when energy is needed immediately…. ▪ About to start an endurance sport activity (running, biking, etc.)  (CH2O)n ▪ Polar molecules  Examples ▪ Glucose ▪ Fructose ▪ Galactose

 Dissacharides: 2 sugar units  Takes a little longer to break down for energy  Break to simple sugars  Break down again for energy  Examples  Sucrose – table sugar  Maltose – malted sugar found in Malts

 Polysaccharides: Many sugar units connected  Examples:  Starch – plants  Glycogen – animals  Encouraged to be eaten by endurance athletes the night before a meet.  Carbo-loading

 Body’s 2 nd Source of ENERGY  2x amount of energy per unit weight than carbohydrates  Energy dense BUT light in weight! ▪ Why we store excess energy (cookies) in the form of fat and not carbohydrates like glycogen.  When exercising, if you can talk while carrying on, you will burn fat. (Aerobic)

 Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Like in carbohydrates, but not in same ratios  Very long carbon- hydrogen chain molecules ▪ Non-polar molecules  Basic building blocks:  Fatty acids and glycerol  Makes up cell membranes  Need about 1 tablespoon / day in your diet.  Avg. American gets a lot more – obesity.

 Saturated Fats  No double bonds in fatty acids  Lays flat ▪ Therefore: Solid at room temp  Unsaturated Fats  Double bonds if fatty acid  Not lay flat ▪ Therefore: Liquid at room temp.

 Building blocks of muscles and enzymes  Basic Unit:  Amino Acids  C,H,O,N ▪ Nitrogen is a waste product – released from body  Body’s 3 rd Source of ENERGY.  If you’re breaking down proteins for energy, you’re basically digesting yourself (body)

 Involved in heredity  Major components of DNA and RNA  Contains C,H,O,N, and P  Basic Unit: Nucleotide  P, Sugar, base  5 Bases: ▪ Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil