Accounting Theory & Practice OVERVIEW OF ACCOUNTING THEORY

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
GODFREY HODGSON HOLMES TARCA
Advertisements

UNIT 3: MEANING OF PLANNING THEORY
Understanding the Research Process
Business Research Methods William G. Zikmund
Introduction to Research Methodology
The Role of Business Research Theory Building
Research Basics PE 357. What is Research? Can be diverse General definition is “finding answers to questions in an organized and logical and systematic.
Copyright  2006 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Financial Accounting Theory 2e by Deegan 1-1 Financial Accounting Theory Craig Deegan Chapter 1.
Introduction to Research
Chapter Two SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN BUSINESS
Prepared by Arabella Volkov University of Southern Queensland.
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE. Assumptions  Nature is real, understandable, knowable through observation  Nature is orderly and uniform  Measurements yield.
Problem Identification
The Role of Business Research Theory Building
The role of theory in research
Prepared by Arabella Volkov University of Southern Queensland.
Qualitative research in psychology. A distinct research process Inquiries of knowledge that are outside the framework prescribed by the scientific method,
Introduction to Social Science Research
Accounting Theory ( 6th edition) Wolk, Dodd & Tearney
CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING THEORY
Accounting Theory: Roles and Approaches
GODFREY HODGSON HOLMES TARCA
Research methodology for the formulation of an accounting theory 1. Inductive Method: Involve reasoning from the particular to the general. (Example: if.
Traditional approaches to the formulation of an accounting theory
Financial Statements 2 Lecture 3
RSBM Business School Research in the real world: the users dilemma Dr Gill Green.
RESEARCH IN EDUCATION Chapter I. Explanations about the Universe Power of the gods Religious authority Challenge to religious dogma Metacognition: Thinking.
Nature of Politics Politics: Science or Art?. The scientific approach Generally described as a process in which investigators move from observations to.
Sociological Research
POSC 202A: Lecture 1 Introductions Syllabus R Homework #1: Get R installed on your laptop; read chapters 1-2 in Daalgard, 1 in Zuur, See syllabus for Moore.
Chapter 13 Science and Hypothesis.  Modern science has had a profound impact on our lives— mostly for the better.  The laws and principles of science.
Chapter 1: Research in the Behavioral Sciences History of Behavioral Research Aristotle and Buddha questioned human nature and why people behave in certain.
MODULE 3 INVESTIGATING HUMAN AND SOCIL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CARIBBEAN.
Introduction to Research
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK and Hypothesis Development
After studying this chapter, you will be able to : 1.Explain the meaning and the changing role of accounting. 2.List users of accounting information and.
Logic. What is logic? Logic (from the Ancient Greek: λογική, logike) is the use and study of valid reasoning. The study of logic features most prominently.
METODE PENELITIAN AKUNTANSI. Tugas Tugas Telaah Tugas Riset.
Advanced Accounting Theory
Nature of Science. Science is a Tentative Enterprise  The product of the judgment of individuals  Requires individuals to defend their conclusions by.
Scientific Methods and Terminology. Scientific methods are The most reliable means to ensure that experiments produce reliable information in response.
Botkin & Keller Environmental Science 5/e Chapter 2 Science as a Way of Knowing.
Introduction to Scientific Research. Science Vs. Belief Belief is knowing something without needing evidence. Eg. The Jewish, Islamic and Christian belief.
Introduction to Research. Purpose of Research Evidence-based practice Validate clinical practice through scientific inquiry Scientific rational must exist.
The Role of Business Research Theory Building. The scope of business research What is “business” anyway??? Is research applicable to all business units/functions?
Lecture №1 Role of science in modern society. Role of science in modern society.
Building Blocks of Scientific Research Chapter 5 References:  Business Research (Duane Davis)  Business Research Methods (Cooper/Schindler) Resource.
ABRA Week 3 research design, methods… SS. Research Design and Method.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Research in Psychology.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights Reserved. Part One INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS RESEARCH.
APPRACHES IN THE FORMULATION OF ACCOUNTING THEORY
ACCOUNTING THEORY AND STANDARDS
Philosophy of science What is a scientific theory? – Is a universal statement Applies to all events in all places and time – Explains the behaviour/happening.
Moshe Banai, PhD Editor International Studies of Management and Organization 1.
EXPERIENCE REASONING RESEARCH DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING Deductive Reasoning (Top-Down Approach) Deductive reasoning works from the more general.
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING LECTURE NOTES BY MR. S. NDHLOVU TOPIC 3
Prepared by Arabella Volkov
Part One INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS RESEARCH
Business Research Methods William G. Zikmund
Prepared by Arabella Volkov
GODFREY HODGSON HOLMES TARCA
THEORY IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
IS Psychology A Science?
IS Psychology A Science?
Business Research Methods William G. Zikmund
GODFREY HODGSON HOLMES TARCA
Science.
Business Research Methods William G. Zikmund
LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you should
Presentation transcript:

Accounting Theory & Practice OVERVIEW OF ACCOUNTING THEORY ATPB 313 Accounting Theory & Practice Sem 2 2013/2014 (updated October 2013) Topic 2: OVERVIEW OF ACCOUNTING THEORY REF: 1 & 2 (Godfrey et al 2010)

At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: Learning Outcomes At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: Discuss an overview of what accounting theory is Describe the development of accounting theory Describe how accounting theories are formulated and tested Describe how accounting theories are constructed and measured

1.0 What is Accounting Theory? Accounting theory - logical reasoning in the form of a set of broad principles that: provide a general framework of reference by which accounting practice can be evaluated guide the development of new practices and procedures

1.0 What is Accounting Theory? How well it explains and predicts reality How well it is constructed How acceptable are the implications of the theory The acceptance of a theory will depend on: Explain why & how current accounting practice evolved Suggest improvements Provide the basis for development of such practice Main objectives of accounting theory

2.0 Development of Accounting Theory 1400-1800 Pre-theory period No theory of accounting was devised 1800-1955 General Scientific Period Observe what actually happened Based on empirical analysis i.e. relying on real-world observations not simply on logic 1956-1970 Normative Period Prescribe what should happen 2 group dominated Limitation of the theory Do not involve hypothesis testing Based on value judgment 1970-present Specific Scientific theory Describe, explain and predict accounting practice i.e.: bonus plan hypothesis 3 4 2 1 Positive accounting Pragmatic accounting

2.0 Development of Accounting Theory Behavioural Research Current development Result from the narrow approach of positive theorists Concerned the broader sociological implications of accounting numbers and the associated actions of ‘key players’ Emerged in 1950s Corporate collapses e.g. Enron & WorldCom has triggered question on whether a comprehensive theory of the impact of accounting on behaviour had been developed increase in legislative reporting requirements. convergence

3.0 Approach to formulation of accounting theory   FORMULATING ACCOUNTING THEORY Deductive Inductive General to specific Specific to general

Approach to formulation of accounting theory   Deductive Drawing specific conclusion from detailed observations and measurements A "top-down" approach. Deduction P1 all asset accounts have debit balance. P2 The plant & machinery account is an asset account. Conclusion the plant & machinery account has a debit balance

Approach to formulation of accounting theory Inductive From specific observations to a general conclusion A "bottom-up" approach   Induction P1 the plant and machinery account is an asset account and has a debit balance. P2 the motor vehicle account is an asset account and has a debit balance. P3 the land is an asset account and has a debit balance. Conclusion all asset accounts have debit balance.

Theory development eventually must relate to the real world. 4.0 Parts of a Theory Theory development eventually must relate to the real world.   Theoretical structure Syntactic Pragmatic Semantic

5.0 Testing a Theory self-evidence Dogmatic Scientific Theory testing In developing theory using scientific approach, we need to test a theory using criteria of truth.   Theory testing self-evidence Dogmatic Scientific Syntactic Induction Falsification/Popper Research program /Lakatos Kuhnian Feyeraband

Testing a Theory SCIENTIFIC Dogmatic basis Accept the statements made by people who has the authority Self-evident The justification of self-evidence as a way to determine truth is the reasonableness, sensibility, or obviousness of a statement based on our general knowledge, experience, or observation SCIENTIFIC Syntactic Statements ascertained as valid or invalid by logic or reasoning alone Induction Statements whose truth or falseness can be known only by reference to empirical evidence or its correspondence with observations of real-world phenomena Falsification (Popper) the trial and error testing of speculative hypothesis can never be proven absolutely true, but can be rejected when shown to be false Research Programs (Lakatos) hard core of the research program which stipulate the basic assumptions of science forms a protective belt of hypothesis Kuhnian paradigms Revolutionary i.e. involves the abandonment of one theory and replace by another incompatible theory. Feyerabend’s approach There is no single scientific way of getting ideas.  

6.0 Accounting Theory Construction A useful way to study & assess accounting theories is to classify them according to the assumptions they rely on, how they are formulated and their approach to explaining & predicting actual events. Accounting theory classification:   Pragmatic Syntactic Semantic Normative Positive Naturalistic

Accounting Theory Construction THEORIES EXPLANATION Pragmatic Theories Descriptive pragmatic approach Observe behavior of accountants Psychological pragmatic approach Observe users’ responses to the accountants outputs i.e. financial reports THEORIES EXPLANATION Normative Theories (1950s and 1960s) How to derive the ‘true income’ for an accounting period Type of information useful for economic decisions. Positive Theories (1970s) Testing theories back to the experiences or facts of the real world (to find the reasons) i.e. questionnaires/survey Alternative Naturalistic approaches Tries to explain complex & unique situations using an unstructured approach. Use case studies & individual experiences Try not to generalize. Syntactic rely on logical argument based on a set of premise. Semantic how theories correspond to real-world events.

Accounting Theory Construction   Syntactic and Semantic Theories A theory that has both syntactic and semantic element E.g. historical cost: Proponents: Syntactic: Logic in the sense it is the value recorded on the day transaction is made Semantic: The cost recorded based on real vouchers Opponents: Syntactic: Poor as different monetary measures are added Semantic: Do not consider inflation and no independent empirically observable correspondent to concepts such as profit or assets.

Accounting Theory Construction Issues for auditing theory construction   Development of a theory of accounting Development of a theory of auditing (lag in 1960s) Early writers attempted to document the process of auditing and the duties of expected of auditors.

Development of Accounting Theory Summary: Topic 2 Accounting theory Definition: Logical reasoning in the form of a set of broad principles to provide a general framework of reference by which accounting practice can be evaluated & guide the development of new practices and procedures. Objective: Explain current accounting practice evolved, suggest improvements & provide the basis for development of such practice. Formulate: Deductive: general to specific Inductive: specific to general Parts of Theory: Syntactic . Semantic Pragmatic Testing: Dogmatic . Self-evident Scientific: Syntactic Induction Falsification/Popper Research program /Lakatos Kuhnian Feyeraband Theory Construction: Pragmatic – behavior of accountants & users of accounting information Syntactic – rely on logical argument based on a set of premise. Semantic – how theories correspond to real-world events. Normative – rely both on semantic & syntactic approach. Positive – test hypothesis against actual events. Naturalistic – consider individual cases & try not to generalize. Development of Accounting Theory Pre-theory period (1400-1800) General Scientific Period (1800 – 1955) Normative Period (1956 – 1970) Specific scientific theory/Positive Era (1970 –present)

TUTORIAL 2 (40 MARKS) Q1 Useful theories must eventually relate to the real world. Using examples, please discuss THREE distinct relationships of theories which are: syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. [6 marks] Q2. Accounting theorist attempted to established norms for best practice during the normative period. While, specific scientific theory is to explain and predict accounting practice. i. Explain two groups dominated during the normative period. [4 marks] ii. Explain the reasons why the specific scientific theory arises. [6 marks]

TUTORIAL 2 Q3 Explain TWO (2) limitations of self evidence. Discuss with example. [4 marks] Q4 In your opinion, can accounting theory be constructed as a purely syntactical exercise without involvement by other approaches? Provide your reasoning. Q5 Is it important to account for the effects of inflation on deriving the ‘true income’ in normative theory? Provide your reasoning. [4 marks] Q6 What role(s) can theory play in relation to accounting? Give an example. [4 marks] Q7 Explain FOUR (4) main differences between normative and positive theories. [8 marks]