Honors Earth Science Standard Chapters 2 & 3 Terry Heise Phillip O. Berry Academy 2011

A natural occurring, inorganic, solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition amethyst

Crystallization from magma Feldspar, quartz Changes in pressure and temperature Silicates(quartz crystals) Formation from Hydrothermal Solutions Sulfates and sulfides

A ROCK is composed of combinations of minerals Example: granite (in intrusive igneous rock ) composed of minerals - quartz, feldspar, mica, horneblend and other types of minerals feldspar

Examples: Halides (Group 7A of the periodic table) Common name - Table salt (NaCl) Sulfides (Group 6A of the periodic table) Common name - Sulfur (S)

Elements Oxides Carbonates Phosphates Silicates Mineraloids Elements - Precious Metals Diamond Ruby Malachite Turquoise Emerald Opal Gold – Silver - Platinum T

Industry, Fashion, medicine, chemicals – Minerals take many forms

A ROCK is a Composite Material composed of combinations of minerals Types of Rocks: Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock

Intrusive - magma hardens below the surface Extrusive - lava hardens above the surface Ignis is the Latin word meaning fire obsidian granite basalt

Obsidian (volcanic glass) granite basalt andesite porphyry Four of the many types of igneous rock.

Weathering occurs In place – no movement of the rock Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering

ROCK particles loosened by either one of the weathering process’ Moved by some flowing agent: Air Water Ice Mass wasting or Erosion occurs Stream, Mt Gould, and Grinnell Glacier, photo ID# glac34120 Stock Photo - USA, Arizona, bird flying over Colorado River in Grand Canyon, elevated view

Accumulated rock, minerals, animal or plant material Temperatures and Pressures are low at the earths surface Cemented together by minerals and chemicals Held together by electrical attraction remains loose and unconsolidated breccia

sandstone shale Coal

The Changing Face of the Earth Sedimentary and Igneous Rock can become Metamorphic Rock Not caused by melting – but pressure and heat Transforming them into denser more compact rocks Creates new minerals through the rearrangement of components Sometimes reacting with fluid that enters the rocks marble schist

FOLIATED - An alignment of layers due to compression Causing a banded appearance NONFOLIATED – A rock without the banded appearance gneiss hornfels

THE ROCK CYCLE The Continuous process Causing rocks to change From one type to another Over time

There are 4 major components that make up soil Mineral matter (broken down rock) Organic matter (humus) Water Air Soil is the result of natural breakdown of Rock and other native earthen components (Erosion ) and an primary indicator of climate and the effect on earth

What is A Mineral? A Mineral is composed of an element or combination of elements. What is A Rock? A ROCK is composed of combinations of minerals Igneous Rock, Sedimentary Rock, Metamorphic Rock What the 3 types of Rock? What the 3 types of Rock Decay? What is Mass Wasting ? Chemical Weathering Mechanical Weathering Erosion ROCK particles loosened by either one of the weathering process’ and moved by Air, water, or ice What is the Rock Cycle? The Continuous process causing rocks to Change from one type to another over time

Rosenburg, Matt., Rock Cycle Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks About.com Guide, Rock Samples, Geology.com, Rock Cycle, Tarbuck, Lutgens, Prentice Hall Earth Science, 2006, Upper saddle River, New Jersey