The Renaissance & Reformation

Filippo Brunelleschi Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. –Used unique architectural concepts.  He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome.  Used ribs for support.

Filippo Brunelleschi Architect Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore

Ghiberti – Gates of Paradise Baptistry Door, Florence –

Comparing Domes

Other Famous Domes Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington) Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

I. Why in Italy at this Time? New interest in ancient Rome society New interest in ancient Rome society Feudalism had less of a grip on Italy Feudalism had less of a grip on Italy Cities survived middle ages Cities survived middle ages Wealthy and powerful merchant class- Wealthy and powerful merchant class-

Florence Merchant class promoted cultural rebirth- stressed education and Individual achievement Merchant class promoted cultural rebirth- stressed education and Individual achievement Medici family-Florence Medici family-Florence Patron= financial supporter of arts Patron= financial supporter of arts

Florence Under the Medici Medici Chapel Medici Chapel The Medici Palace

Renaissance = “Rebirth” Change in way people viewed themselves and world Change in way people viewed themselves and world Medieval scholars- focus on life after death Medieval scholars- focus on life after death Renaissance- focus “Individual Achievement Renaissance- focus “Individual Achievement Humanism- intellectual movement applied wisdom of ancients to renaissance world Humanism- intellectual movement applied wisdom of ancients to renaissance world A man with talent in many fields ? Who A man with talent in many fields ? Who

The Renaissance “Man” Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education. The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.

1. Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, Artist Sculptor Architect Scientist Engineer Inventor

Vitruvian Man Leonardo da Vinci 1492 The L’uomo universale

Leonardo, the Artist: From hisNotebooks of over 5000 pages ( )

Mona Lisa – da Vinci,

A Macaroni Mona Parody  The Best Form of Flattery?

A Picasso Mona

An Andy Warhol Mona

A “Mona”ca Lewinsky

Mona Lisa OR da Vinci??

Perspective- technique in painting makes distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer Perspective- technique in painting makes distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer

horizontal vertical Perspective! The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498

A Da Vinci “Code”: St. John or Mary Magdalene?

Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology): Pages from his Notebook An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.

Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Pages from his Notebook

Leonardo, the Inventor: Pages from his Notebook

A study of siege defenses. Studies of water-lifting devices. Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Notebook

Michelangelo Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Conflict with Pope Julius II Conflict with Pope Julius II Incredible energy and endurance Incredible energy and endurance “Mannerism” “Mannerism”

David Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 Marble

The Pieta Michelangelo Buonarroti 1499 marble The Popes as Patrons of the Arts

The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo Buonarroti

The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man

The Sistine Chapel Details The Fall from Grace

The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment

Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael, Castiglione author wrote a guide for members of the court Ideal man- athletic but not overactive, good at games, but not a gambler,

Renaissance Art and Architecture Renaissance Art and Architecture Raphael ( ) Raphael ( ) Man of great sensitivity and kindness Man of great sensitivity and kindness Died at the age of 37 Died at the age of 37 “The School of Athens” “The School of Athens” Famous for frescoes in the Vatican Palace Famous for frescoes in the Vatican Palace

Perspective!Perspective! Betrothal of the Virgin Raphael1504

Raphael’s Madonnas (1) Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna

Albrecht Durer German Leonardo German Leonardo Wide ranging interests Wide ranging interests Northern Europe Renaissance slowed by lack of economic growth Northern Europe Renaissance slowed by lack of economic growth

Dürer Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse woodcut, 1498

Dürer The Last Supper woodcut, 1510

Pieter Bruegel the ( ) One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age. One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age. Painted scenes of daily life Painted scenes of daily life Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies. Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies. A master of landscapes; not a portraitist. A master of landscapes; not a portraitist. –People in his works often have round, blank, heavy faces. –They are expressionless, mindless, and sometimes malicious. –They are types, rather than individuals. –Their purpose is to convey a message.

Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563

Bruegel’s, The Beggars, 1568

Bruegel’s, Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind, 1568

Renaissance Society Renaissance Society Number of portraits painted during this era illustrates focus on the individual achievement Number of portraits painted during this era illustrates focus on the individual achievement Focus on man’s free will Focus on man’s free will Women artists work secret Women artists work secret

V. Renaissance Politics Niccolo Machiavelli ( ) Niccolo Machiavelli ( ) -- “The Prince” The goal of the prince must be power The goal of the prince must be power Cynical view of human nature Cynical view of human nature Fear is a better motivator than affection Fear is a better motivator than affection Politics as the art of deception Politics as the art of deception

Quintin Massey, Old Woman, 1513

VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture Greek & Roman architecture was revived in Renaissance building projects Greek & Roman architecture was revived in Renaissance building projects

Printing Press The significance of Gutenberg’s printing press- new middle class, new audience for literature in vernacular The significance of Gutenberg’s printing press- new middle class, new audience for literature in vernacular Explosion of printed materials Explosion of printed materials The impact of movable- type printing presses: research and literacy The impact of movable- type printing presses: research and literacy

Social Reform Thomas More Thomas More --Utopia- called for social reforms --Executed by Henry VIII in 1535

Miguel de Cervantes Spanish Renaissance Spanish Renaissance Don Quixote- mocks medieval chivalry Don Quixote- mocks medieval chivalry

Most far-reaching influence William Shakespeare ( ) William Shakespeare ( ) Enriched English language* Enriched English language* Macbeth: ambition Macbeth: ambition Hamlet: individualism Hamlet: individualism Keen sensitivity to sounds and meanings of words Keen sensitivity to sounds and meanings of words