C HAPTER 1 S CIENCE IN OUR W ORLD Section 1 – Science and Scientists

S CIENCE S TARTS WITH A QUESTION Why is my reflection upside down in my spoon even though I’m holding the spoon right side up?

S CIENCE The process of gathering knowledge about the natural world This often starts by a question being asked Why do I feel pain when I stub my toe? What causes high and low tides?

I NVESTIGATION Once you ask a question, it’s time to find an answer by: Research Observation Experimentation

W HY A SK W HY ? Saving Lives Saving Resources Saving the Environment

S CIENTISTS A RE A LL A ROUND Y OU Meterologist Geochemist Ecologist Volcanologist Science Illustrator

S ECTION 1-2 Scientific Methods

S CIENTIFIC M ETHODS The ways in which scientists answer questions and solve problems Scientists often use the same steps May use all of the steps or just some

M ODEL OF S CIENTIFIC M ETHODS

A SK A Q UESTION Scientists ask a question after making observations Observation – using senses to gather information Ex. The sky is blue, cotton feels soft MIT Question: Only 70% of propeller energy is used to move a boat, so how can boat propulsion systems be made more efficient?

F ORM A H YPOTHESIS Possible explanation or answer to a question A good hypothesis is testable MIT Hypothesis: A propulsion system that mimics the way a penguin swims will be more efficient than a propulsion system that uses propellors.

M AKE P REDICTIONS Before a scientist tests a hypothesis, they often make predictions What they think will happen during the test of the hypothesis MIT Predictions: If 2 flippers are attached to the boat, then the boat will be more efficient than a boat powered by propellers

T EST THE H YPOTHESIS After you form a hypothesis, you must test it. Controlled experiment – compares the results from a control group with the results from 1 or more experimental group. The experimental groups are the same except for one factor, or Variable. MIT TEST: They built Proteus, the penguin boat and took it into open water to collect data. Only the flapping rate of the flippers varied between tests.

A NALYZE THE R ESULTS Data – pieces of information acquired through experimentation Once you have your data, you must analyze them. You must find out if your test supports your hypothesis or not. MIT Analysis: The scientists compared Proteus’s efficiency with the average efficiency of a propeller-driven boat. Proteus was 87% efficient.

D RAW C ONCLUSIONS At the end of an investigation, you must draw a conclusion. Can Conclude: Support your hypothesis Does not support your hypothesis Need more information MIT Conclusion: They did more trials and each time they found that the penguin propulsion was more efficient, so they concluded that hypothesis was supported.

C OMMUNICATE R ESULTS Communicate results accurately and honestly ensures the credibility of the scientist. Communicate results: Report Website Journal Speech MIT Results: They published their results in academic papers, the internet, newspapers and science magazines.

S ECTION 1-3 Scientific Models

T YPES OF S CIENTIFIC M ODELS Model or Prototype – representation of an object or system Major Types of Models: Physical – model airplanes, dolls, many drawings, etc. Mathematical – weather map, computer models Conceptual – systems of ideas, comparing with familiar things (big bang theory) Models also used to represent very large or very small things (solar system and cells)

T HEORY VS. S CIENTIFIC L AWS Theory – unifying explanation for a broad range of hypotheses and observations that have been supported by testing. Scientific Law – summary of many experimental results and observations. Laws tell you only what happens, not why it happens.

S ECTION 1-4 Science and Engineering

T ECHNOLOGY Refers to the products and processes that are designed to serve our needs Also refers to the tools and methods for creating these products and processes. Cell phone with GPS GPS is a technology Tools used to make the phone is a technology Processes used to make the phone is a technology

H OW D OES S CIENCE R ELATE TO T ECHNOLOGY Science is knowledge of the natural world Engineering uses scientific knowledge to develop technologies So engineering is the process of creating technology

E NGINEERING D ESIGN P ROCESS Step 1 – Ask: Identifying and Researching a Need Step 2 – Imagine: Developing Possible Solutions Step 3 – Plan: Making a Prototype Step 4 – Create: Testing and Evaluating Step 5 – Improve: Modifying and Retesting Solution

T ECHNOLOGY AND S OCIETY Cell Phones Keep in touch Communicate Easier Cell Phones Require Towers Dominate Landscape Intended Benefits Unintended Consequences

B IOENGINEERING Application of engineering to living things Ex. Heart bypass Assistive Bioengineering Developed to help organisms without changing them Hearing aid, eyeglasses Adaptive Bioengineering Developed to help organisms by changing them Cochlear implant, artificial heart

A DAPTIVE VS. A SSISTIVE B IOENGINEERING

S ECTION 1-5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety

T OOLS Graduated Cylinder Thermometer Meterstick Balance Stopwatch Spring scale Calculator Graph Data Computer MeasurementAnalyzing

L AB E QUIPMENT

I NTERNATIONAL S YSTEM OF U NITS Metric system used by almost all countries Helps scientists share and compare their results All units based on the number 10

C ONVERTING SI U NITS 1) How many centimeters are in 10 meters? 2)How many mL are in 3.5 kL?

B ASIC U NITS Length – Meter (m) is the basic SI unit for length Area – measure of how much surface an object has Area = length x width Units for area are km 2, m 2, cm 2 Mass – amount of matter that something is made of Kilogram is the basic unit (kg) Volume – amount of space something occupies Liquid – unit is liters (L) Solid – unit is cubic meters (m 3 )

M ORE SI U NITS Volume – amount of space something occupies Liquid – unit is liters (L) Solid – unit is cubic meters (m 3 ) Density – amount of matter in a given volume Density = mass/volume Unit is g/ml or g/cm 3

T EMPERATURE Measure of how hot or cold something is Fahrenheit (F) is english unit Celsius ( C ) is commonly used by scientists BUT, kelvins (K) is the SI base unit

L AB S AFETY