Cells and Organelles The building blocks of Life Mr. Carter’s Science Class

The Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. New cells are only produced from existing cells. Cells are made of chemical compounds and run on chemical reactions. All Cells contain DNA.

Levels of Organization 1. List all of the levels of organization that are SMALLER than cells. 2. List all of the levels of organization that are BIGGER than cells.

Levels of Organization 1. List all of the levels of organization that are SMALLER than cells. Protons,neutrons,electrons Atoms Compounds (or molecules) Organelles

A Cell

Levels of Organization 2. List all of the levels of organization that are BIGGER than cells. Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Population Species Ecosystem Planet Solar System Galaxy Universe

The 2 Basic Types of Cells Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells) Cells that DO NOT have a nucleus and organelles Examples: bacteria Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cells) Cells that DO have a nucleus and other organelles Examples: plant cells, fungi cells, and animal cells

Cell Organelle Specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell are called organelles. Organelle means “little organ”.

Organelle Name Physical Description: What the organelle looks like Function: What the organelle DOES for the cell Type of Cell: Which type of cell contains this organelle? Analogy: If the cell were a factory, what would this cell organelle be and why?

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cell Wall Physical Description: Thick, strong barrier around the cell made of indigestible carbohydrates. Function: supports and protects the cell Type of Cell: found in plant, bacteria, and fungi cells. NOT in animal cells. Analogy: it is like the walls, ceiling, and floor of a factory because they protect the factory and support the structure.

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cell Membrane Physical Description: thin, flexible barrier made of phospholipids around the cell (just inside the cell wall OR the outside border of animal cells) Function: controls what enters and leaves the cell; support and protection Type of Cell: found in all cells Analogy: it is like the security guard of a factory because it controls what enters and leaves the cell

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cytoplasm Physical Description: the fluid-like material inside the cell membrane that fills up the cell Function: all cell organelles floar around in the cytoplasm; “cell jelly” Site for chemical reactions Type of Cell: found in all cells Analogy: it is like the air of a factory

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Nucleus Physical Description: large organelle that is usually near the center; contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) Function: controls the cells activities by protecting the DNA Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes Analogy:it is like the office of a factory because that is where the boss is kept

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Nuclear Membrane (aka Nuclear Envelope) Physical Description: double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus; has pores Function: Protects the nucleus; pores allow material in and out of the nucleus. Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes Analogy: it is like the office door of a factory because it lets things into and out of the office.

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

DNA Physical Description: The nucleic acid found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or floating freely in prokaryotic cells. Function: controls the cells activities by controlling the making of proteins (protein synthesis). Type of Cell: found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or floating freely in prokaryotic cells. Analogy: it is like the boss of a factory because he controlls the factory

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

RNA Physical Description: The nucleic acid that copies the DNA and then makes proteins for the cell Function: carries the DNA’s code and translates it into proteins. Type of Cell: found inside the cytoplasm of all cells Analogy: it is like the manager of a factory because she takes the boss’ orders to the workers.

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) Physical Description: internal membrane system covered in ribosomes (so that it looks rough) Function: assembles and modifies proteins made in the ribosomes Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes Analogy: it is like the assembly line of a factory

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Ribosomes Physical Description: very small, round structures either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free (floating in the cytoplasm) Function: makes proteins Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes AND some prokaryotes Analogy: they are like the workers in a factory

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) Physical Description: internal membrane system without ribosomes Function: Assembles lipids and other components of the cell membrane Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes Analogy: it is like the assembly line of a factory

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Golgi Apparatus Physical Description: stack of flattened membranes in the cytoplasm Function: attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins; send proteins to their final destination Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes Analogy: it is like the shipping department of a factory because it packages and moves proteins

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Lysosome Physical Description: small, round sacks in the cytoplasm Function: breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into useable molecules; break down old or damaged organelles Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes BUT are very rare in plant cells Analogy: it is like the janitor of a factory

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Vacuole Physical Description: large, spacious sack in the cytoplasm Function: stores materials for the cell (water, food, waste, etc…) Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes (usually one large vacuole in plants and many small vacuoles in animals) Analogy: it is like the storage warehouse of a factory

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Mitochondria Physical Description: “bean-shaped” organelle that has a folded inner membrane (called cristae) Function: use FOOD and Oxygen to make ATP (ENERGY) compounds for use by the cell Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes Analogy: it is like the power plant or coal-burning furnace of a factory because it makes the energy for the cell

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Chloroplast Physical Description: flattened discs that contains chlorophyll (a green pigment). Looks like a stack of green pancakes. Function: use energy from SUNLIGHT to MAKE sugar molecules through photosynthesis Type of Cell: found in plant/algae cells Analogy: it is like the solar panels of a factory because they trap the sun’s light and turn it into useful sugars for the cell.

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Cytoskeleton Physical Description: a network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm; made of microtubules (microscopic beams) Function: helps support the cell and maintain its shape; moves organelles within the cell; aids in cell movement Type of Cell: found in all cells Analogy: it is like the support beams and cranes of a factory

Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Cell Wall Are angular Chloroplasts No Centrioles Lysosomes are rare 1 Large Vacuole No Cell Wall Are roundish No Chloroplasts Centrioles Lysosomes are common Several Small Vacuoles

Job of Cells The main job of all cells is to make proteins, grow, and eventually reproduce. Different cell types do different things Protein production: Ribosome  Endoplasmic Reticulum  Golgi Apparatus  Final Destination of the Protein (may be outside of the cell)

All cells are made up of 4 molecules 3 of them are on any nutrition facts panel. Fats (lipids) Carbohydrates Proteins The 4th are found in all living things. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Group Examples Functions Functions of the Four Major Groups of Organic Molecules   Group Examples Functions Carbohydrate Glucose  Cellulose Glycogen Short term energy source Structure of plants Lipids Fats and oils 1. Components of membranes Long term energy storage Insulation Proteins Enzymes  Sucrase and lactase  Keratin  Collagen Organic catalysts  Digestive enzymes  Structural protein in muscles, hair, and skin  Nucleic acids DNA  RNA  ATP 1. Information molecule Molecule of heredity Director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis immediate source of energy for cellular work   Enzyme is a protein which speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without being destroyed by the reaction.