The Crusades… they were fighting for Jerusalem Bell Ringer What do we call the series of Holy Wars between Muslims and Christians that took place in the Middle Ages? Explain 2 accomplishments of the Muslim Golden Age

Muslim Empires Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids

Islamic World As the Muslim influence continued to spread, areas of India came under the control of strong Muslim Empires. The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires promoted Muslim culture, trading and learning Looking at this map, what do you think could be a problem?

Mughal Empire Established by Babur, but reached great success under Akbar the Great, his grandson. They controlled most of present day India

Akbar the Great Akbar was a Muslim but was tolerant of other people’s religions. He even ended the tax charged on non-Muslims Improved the government by hiring officials instead of relying on hereditary appointments Encouraged international trade and land reform

Akbar and learning Akbar the Great promoted learning, and held long discussions with experts to learn. He was illiterate and never learned to read or write, but had trusted advisors to do both for him. By removing restrictions on other religions, he ushered in a time of learning and cultural development

Akbar’s popularity Akbar the Great was well liked by his people because he allowed the people to practice any religion of their choice. By allowing the people to practice the religion of their choice he promoted cultural diversity, a unique environment that remains through much of India today.

Taj Mahal (Muhal) Akbar’s grandson, Shat Jahan, built the most famous Indian Palace, the Taj Mahal, for his dead wife. The Building became her tomb and a symbol of Mughal Architecture

Mughal Decline Akbar’s successors eventually began persecuting Hindus and other religions again. Persecution ranged from heavy taxes to death.

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire Conquered the Byzantine Empire in Renamed the capital city Istanbul and converted the Hagia Sophia into a Muslim Mosque

Ottoman expansion In less than 200 years the Ottoman empire took control of North Africa, Eastern Europe and Asia Minor.

Ottoman Golden Age The Ottomans experienced a Golden Age under Suleiman the Magnificent ( ) Suleiman conquered more lands than other emperors because he modernized the army. Suleiman had sole power over the entire government, but hired qualified Viziers to run some offices If Suleiman was the sole ruler with absolute power, was this a Centralized Government or non- centralized?

Golden Age Society Society in the Ottoman empire had 4 tiers: 1)Men of the Pen- scientists, lawyers, judges 2)Men of the Sword- Guards and military 3)Men of Negotiations- Merchants and artisans 4)Men of Husbandry- farmers and animal caretakers Husbandry- taking care of crops and animals

Janissaries The Ottoman empire forced non-Muslims to pay heavy taxes. Non-Muslim families were also required to give their young sons to the government to train in the military. These men converted to Islam and were then put into military service The most elite became Janissaries, an elite military group

Ottoman Decline As the Europeans emerged from their Dark Middle ages and began trading and learning, the Ottoman empire was overtaken by the Europeans. While the Ottomans had focused on agriculture, the Europeans were focused on gaining power and money (trade routes) Soon the Ottoman empire will become a fighting ground for many ethnic groups and religions

Safavid Empire

Safavids Sandwiched between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, the Safavids dealt with near constant invasions (in the Tigris and Euphrates river valley) The Safavids are Shiite Muslims, while the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims SunniBothShiite Caliph should be chosen by the community Majority of Muslims: 90% Monotheistic: Allah Quran Five Pillars Caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad Martyrs for their cause

Safavid Golden Age Shah Abbas the Great ( ) -Centralized Government and created a powerful military -reduced taxes on farmers and herders -promoted the silk trade by supporting Christianity -Wandered the streets in disguise to find problems and punish the corrupt

Golden Age The Safavids produced fine silk by befriending Christian traders who had stolen Silk worms from China. By promoting and protecting the Christians the Safavid empire grew rich.

Safavid Legacy Today, Iran is located in the old Safavid Empire, and remains Shiite. Many warring groups remain in old areas of the Safavid, causing conflict between the two sects of Islam