Animal Behavior Biology Chapter 34

IQ #1 Brainstorming is a technique that, when used effectively, allows you to draw out more information than you might have otherwise. To brainstorm a particular topic, write down any words that come to mind during the time allotted. Try to continue writing throughout the time given and do not stop to analyze any of the words you have written down. 1. The word you are to brainstorm is behavior. Behavior is the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment. On a sheet of paper, make a list of as many behaviors as possible. You will have two minutes. 2. After you have finished this section, revisit your list. Write the letter “I” next to any words that describe innate, or unlearned, behaviors. Write the letter “L” next to any words that describe learned behaviors.

Section outline:34–1 Elements of Behavior A. Stimulus and Response 1. Types of Stimuli 2. How Animals Respond B. Behavior and Evolution C. Innate Behavior D. Learned Behavior 1. Habituation 2. Classical Conditioning 3. Operant Conditioning 4. Insight Learning E. Instinct and Learning Combined

Behavior Behavior is the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment. Innate Behavior: Instinct or inborn Learned Behavior: Acquired over time

Japanese Macaque Monkeys

A. Stimulus and Response Stimulus (pleural: stimuli): Any kind of signal that carries that carries information and can be detected 1. Types of Stimuli Animals respond to many different types of external and internal stimuli. ex. Senses of sight, sound, smell, touch, taste, heat, echolocation, magnetic field detection, hunger, thirst, etc.

Stimulus and Response Response: A single specific reaction to a stimulus. A behavior may consist of multiple response 2. How Animals Respond a. When an animal responds to a stimulus, body systems-including the sense organs, nervous system, and muscles- interact to produce the resultant behavior b. Depends on the complexity of the nervous system of the organism

B. Behavior and Evolution a. Behavior is essential to survival b. Many behaviors are influenced by genes c. Therefore they can be inherited d. They can help an individual to survive and reproduce e. They can be passed on to offspring and through generations of Natural selection, influence the species survivability f. Known as an Adaptive Behavior

Moth Wing Flapping Evolution: Adaptive Behavior

Innate Behavior C. Innate behavior: Appear as fully functional the first time they are performed, even though the animal has no previous experience with the stimuli to which it responds. a. Triggered by the environment (sign stimulus or a releaser) b. Inherited neurological circuitry that directs behavior

Innate Behavior c. Kinesis & Taxis-change in activity in response to stimuli d. Migration e. Signals & Communication (pheromones) f. Fixed Action patterns (FAP) observed in the Graylag goose & egg rolling & the three-spined stickle back fish g. Other examples: suckling of a newborn mammal weaver bird hanging nest building spider web weaving

Egg Rolling w/Graylag Goose Fixed Action Pattern: action is carried out to completion

D. Learned Behavior Learned behavior (Acquired behavior): behavior that is able to be altered as a result of experience and interaction with the environment. a. Develops over time b. Four major types of learning: habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and insight learning.

1. Habituation a. When an animal decreases or stops a response to a repetitive stimulus. b. Ignoring a non-threatening or unrewarding stimulus c. Allows organisms to spend their time and energy more efficiently d. Long-lasting when fully habituated e. This lack of response is not a result of fatigue nor of sensory adaptation Ex. Common shore ragworm

2. Classical Conditioning a. Mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment b. Pavlov’s Dog experiment: changed a dogs stimulus for the innate response of salivation. c. Salivation, food, and bell d. Can opener w/dogs and cats

Pavlov’s Dog Experiment After Conditioning When Pavlov rang a bell in the absence of food, the dog still salivated. The dog was conditioned to salivate in response to a stimulus that it did not normally associate with food. During Conditioning By ringing a bell every time he fed the dog, Pavlov trained the dog to associate the sight and smell of food with the ringing bell. Before Conditioning When a dog sees or smells food, it produces saliva. Food is the stimulus and the dog’s response is salivation. Dogs do not usually salivate in response to nonfood stimuli.

3. Operant Conditioning a. When an animal learns to behave a certain way due to repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment b. May not involve an innate response c. Dog training, parenting, maze experiments, etc. d. Skinner experiment with pigeons in a box with a lever e. Also known as Trial and Error, free to try many different behaviors. f. Use positive and negative reinforcement

Skinner Box

4. Insight Learning Reasoning: applying something already learned to a new situation, without a period of trial and error. Common among humans and other primates

5. Instinct and Learning Combined a. Many behaviors are a combination of innate ability and learning Bird songs Imprinting (sight and smell) Critical period: limited time imprinting can occur Konrad Lorenz’ experiments with Geese Geese imprint on first moving object they see His geese imprinted on Him. Human infants: -Grasping -smiling w/parent -cheek & feeding -Babinski reflex

Imprinting Normal geese imprinting Konrad Lorenz, Goslings imprinted on "mom" Salmon imprint on stream odor from where they hatched to return later

Patterns of Behavior Chapter 34 -2

Concept Map Animal Behavior Section 34-2 includes patterns of Behavioral cycles Social behavior Competition and Aggression Communication response to natural cycles interactions with others through for natural resources depends on sense Protection Hunting Seasonal Daily Building homes Claim/ protect territory Chemical signals Language Courtship Fighting rivals Visual signals Sound example example Migration Circadian rhythms

A. Behavioral Cycles Response to periodic changes in the environment, natural cycles Warm seasons, cold seasons Sunlight, darkness May be daily or seasonally

Seasonal and Daily Cycles a. Dormancy: allows animal to survive periods of limited food and resources. ex. Hibernation, aestivation b. Migrations: periodic movement from one place to another 2. Daily a. Circadian Rhythms: daily behavioral patterns. Light and dark patterns ex. Sleep patterns, food eating Disruptions: Jet Lag

B. Social Behavior Interactions with others of the same species through Courtship Building homes Hunting Protection Fighting rivals Social Behaviors in animal societies that help relatives survive and reproduce improves an individuals evolutionary fitness Studies done by Jane Goodall on Chimps

Jane Goodall

1. Courtship a. To pass along its genes to the next generation, any animal that reproduces sexually needs to locate and mate with another member of its species at least once. b. Courtship behavior is a method to help animals identify healthy mates and ensure reproductive success.

2. Courtship Stimuli a. Sounds b. Visual displays c. Chemical signals d. Elaborate Rituals http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/02/animalcourting/

3. Competition and Aggression a. Prevent others from using resources b. Such as food, water, nesting sites, shelter, and potential mates c. Territory: area that is occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals. d. Fiercely protected from rivals

4. Competition and Aggression a. Competition for food and territory may be witnessed when an organism tries to claim limited resources. b. Aggression: a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another. Pride of lions, giraffes, etc.

5. Communication Communication: the passing of information from one organism to another. Visual Sound Touch Chemical signals

a. Visual Signals Usually used with organisms that have good eyesight Display bright colors or patterns Ex. Cuttlefish Cuttlefish and Angry Cuttlefish

b. Chemical Signals Usually used in animals with a good sense of smell Insects, fishes, mammals Pheromones: chemical messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species. Used to mark territory or signal readiness to mate

c. Sound Signals Usually used with animals with strong vocal abilities Crickets, toads, birds, whales Many have evolved elaborate communication systems Frog croak crickets Frogs at night

d. Language Language: combines sounds, symbols, gestures according to sets of rules about word order and meaning such as grammar and syntax. Most complex means of communication Only seen in humans as an innate form of communication Can be learned in Dolphins, Gorillas, etc.

Gorilla knows sign language http://www.koko.org/world/signlanguage.html