Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Prelab 1 Presented by : Osama Saher

For adjustment of final volume only * Measuring Measuring Cup (Cup Measure) For adjustment of final volume only * Graduated Cylinder (Cylindrical measure)

Prescriptions are best written in latin language, WHY? 1) It is language of medical science all-over the world. 2) Latin names are definite with no mis-interpretation 3) unknown by patients thus prevent worry and fear

Simple Solutions They are liquid dosage forms prepared by dissolving soluble substances in an aqueous or non aqueous vehicle. Water soluble substances may be either: List (A) substances List (B) substances Readily dissolve by stirring e.g. NH4Cl Finely powdered before dissolving e.g. borax Dissolve readily in warm water e.g. MgSO4

General Method for Preparation of solutions Stage Process Stage (1) Dissolve solids in ¾ of vehicle (warm if needed) Stage (2) Examine the solution against light and filter if necessary through a small piece of wetted cotton plug Stage (3) Add any other liquid ingredients. (Cool If volatile ingredients are present) Stage (4) Adjust the volume with the vehicle in a cup measure Stage (5) Transfer to a bottle and attach label

1)Ammonium chloride Calculations ℞ Ammonium chloride 4 g [A.C., expectorant] Liquid extract of liquorice 5 ml [Mucolytic, expectorant] Syrup 50 ml [Sweetening agent] Water Q.S to 100 ml [Vehicle (before to *)] Fiat: Cough Syrup Sig: 5 ml t.d.s. Use: For Cough This applies to all SOLUTIONS Calculations Volume of water (vehicle) = 100 - (5 + 50) = 45 ml ¾ Vehicle = ¾ * 45 = 33.75 ≈ 35 ml

Filter on cotton wetted with water * Procedure 0.000 g 4 g amm. chloride Balance 35 ml Water Cup measure Stirring Filter on cotton wetted with water * Cup measure If turbid, filter *Not dripping water *Never filter a colored solution so filter before the coloring agent addition

Transfer clear solution to cup measure 50 ml Syrup 5 ml Ext. of liquorice Water Adjust volume to 100 ml Transfer to a bottle

Label Fiat: Cough Syrup Sig: 5 ml t.d.s. The Cough Syrup 2. Central title from Fiat. 3. All with capital letter The Cough Syrup One teaspoonful to be taken three times daily. Fiat: Cough Syrup Sig: 5 ml t.d.s. 4.Underline the title 6.First word starts with capital letter 7.Write dose 5.Leave paragraph space before the first word. 10. All numbers are written in letters. 8.Write frequency 1.White label*(enter the gut) /RED* 9.Must end with a full stop. Note : Teaspoonful: One word Spoonful with oo and one l.

2) Ferrous Fumarate Calculations ℞ Ferrous Fumarate 5 g [A.C., antianeamic] Tr. of nux-vomica 3 ml [Bitter stomachic] Syrup 10 ml [Sweetening agent] Water to 90 ml [Vehicle] Fiat : Mist. Sig.: 15 ml P.C. Calculations Volume of water (vehicle) = 90 - (10 + 3) = 77 ml ¾ Vehicle = ¾ x 77 = 57.5 ≈ 60 ml

Sprinkle 5 g ferrous fumarate with stirring Procedure 0.000 g Sprinkle 5 g ferrous fumarate with stirring Balance 60 ml Water Cup measure Water Adjust volume to 90 ml 3 ml Tr. Nux-vomica 10 ml Syrup

No filtration. …why??? (A: colored solution) Transfer to a bottle Precautions Sprinkle ferrous fumarate at the center of the vehicle to prevent the formation of sticky mass which is difficult to be dissolved. No filtration. …why??? (A: colored solution)

Label White lable. The Mixture One tablespoonful to be taken after meals. Fiat : Mist. Sig.: 15 ml P.C.

3) Phenobarbital elixir ℞ Elixir: It is clear flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic solution intended for oral use. Phenobarbital 0.4 gm (0.2 g) (A.C. tranquilizer) Orange oil 0.1 ml (0.05 ml) (Flavoring agent) Alcohol 25.6 ml (12.8 ml) (Solvent for phenobarbital) Glycerin 35 ml (17.5 ml) (Co-solvent) Sucrose 2 gm (1 g) (Sweetening agent) Water q.s. 100 ml (50 ml) (Vehicle) Fiat : Elixir Mitte : 50 ml (F = 50/100 = 0.5) Sig.: ʒ i o.n. Use: sedative in epilepsy prescribed Required F=Required /prescribed Calculations Factor = 50 / 100 = 0.5 Volume of water (vehicle) = 50 - (12.8 + 17.5) = 19.7 ml ¾ Vehicle = ¾ x 20 = 15 ml

Procedure 1 g sucrose with stirring (if turbid, filter) Balance 15 ml Water 2 drops Orange oil 0.000 g 0.2 g phenobarbital with stirring Balance 17.5 ml Glycerin 12.8 ml Alcohol

Aqueous Solution Portion wise with stirring Adjust volume to 50 ml with water Alcoholic Solution Transfer to a bottle

Precautions Aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic one not the reverse to: To prevent volatilization of alcohol To prevent precipitation of alcohol-soluble substances by dilution. Label White lable. The Elixir One teaspoonful to be taken every night. Fiat : Elixir Sig.: ʒ i o.n.

ROMAN NUMBERS

ROMAN NUMBERS Letter Numerical Value ss 1/2 I or i 1 V or v 5 X or x 10 L or l 50 C or c 100 D or d 500 M or m 1000

Rules of ROMAN numbers: 1) When the left letter is ≥ 1st letter  (+) SUM ii 2 iii 3 Mdclxvi 1000 + 500 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 = 1666 N.B.: Notice the order in the values

9 40 90 400 900 2) When the left letter is  1st letter  (-) SUBTRACT iV 4 iX 9 XL 40 XC 90 CD 400 CM 900 XiV 10 + 4 = 14 Xix 10 + 9 = 19 xLiv 40 + 4 = 44 Xcix 90 + 9 = 99

i V X L C D M Example: = xLix not iL 95 = XCV not vC 99 =Xcix not iC I, X and C are called  SUBTRACTORS i.e. can be subtracted only from the next higher two values i : can be subtracted only from V and X X: can be subtracted only from L and C C: can be subtracted only from D and M Example: = xLix not iL 95 = XCV not vC 99 =Xcix not iC

arabic roman NOT 1 i 2 ii 3 iii iiV 4 IV IIII Rule :Each number can be repeated maximally 3 times only 6 VI 7 VII 8 VIII IIX Not more than one subtractor can be subtracted from one letter 19 X iX iXX Rule : SUBTRACTORS can be placed before only one greater letter than itself i.e. XiX = 19 not iXX ( 9 cant come before 10 and the 1 is not subtracted from 20)

48 Xlviii 5+1+1+1=8 40+8=48 V>I X<L Mcmlxxxiv 2) Write the following in arabic numbers Roman number Arabic number Xlviii 48 X<L L-X=40 V>I 5+1+1+1=8 40+8=48 Mcmlxxxiv 1984 Hundreds Tens units Thousands C<M= M-C= 1000-100 =900 LXXX= 50+10+10+10=80 I<V= V-I= 5-1=4 M=1000

Practical Problems 10+8 8+10 10=X 8=5+3 8=V+ III XVIII 1) Write the following in roman numbers Number Roman number 18 Xviii 10+8 8+10 10=X 8=5+3 8=V+ III XVIII

Practical Problems 900=1000-100 1000+900+80+4 1000=M =CM 1) Write the following in roman numbers Number Roman number 1984 Mcmlxxxiv 1000=M 1000+900+80+4 900=1000-100 =CM 80=50+10+10+10 80=100-20 4=5-1 =iv 80=LXXX

ROMAN NUMBERS

Lab Tools you must bring 1- clean Lab Coat (white color) بالطو ابيض 2- Scissors (to trim the label)مقص 3- Your ID 2013-2014 كارنيه الكلية 4-problems next Tuesday 5-prelab source. 6-weighing paper

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