Border Security Policies and US-Canada Relations Rey Koslowski Fellow, Transatlantic Academy, Washington, DC Associate Professor of Political Science, Public Policy and Informatics University at Albany, State University of New York

Ambassador Bridge post 9/11/01

Smart Borders “The border of the future must integrate actions abroad to screen goods and people prior to their arrival in sovereign U.S. territory. Agreements with our neighbors, major trading partners, and private industry will allow extensive pre-screening of low-risk traffic, thereby allowing limited assets to focus attention on high-risk traffic. The use of advanced technology to track the movement of cargo and the entry and exit of individuals is essential to the task of managing the movement of hundreds of millions of individuals, conveyances, and vehicles” - White House, Jan. 25, 2002

Scenarios for US-Canada border No borders: lift internal border controls after erecting a common external border. Smart borders: increase security and facilitate travel using technology and registered traveler programs Virtual borders: automated data collection, data-mining, biometrics & RFID

Presentation outline Possibilities of “no borders” with N.A. perimeter SBInet: physical barriers and a “virtual fence” US-VISIT: automated biometric entry-exit WHITI: passport to enter US Alternatives: security through US-Canada cooperation Proposal: identity management and global mobility

No Borders North American Security Perimeter Presupposes: lifting internal border controls common external border Presupposes: customs union common visa policy

Lifting border controls in the EU 1957 Treaty of Rome committed states to customs union in 12 years 1968 customs union achieved 1986 Single European Act committed EC states to end non-tariff barriers by 1992 1990 Schengen Convention harmonizes asylum and visa policies 1993 customs controls at internal borders lifted 1995 all internal border controls lifted 38 years from treaty commitment to customs union to lifting all internal border controls

CUBA? Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau join in a singalong during Trudeau's Latin American Tour, January 1976.

"I will maintain the embargo "I will maintain the embargo. It provides us with the leverage to present the regime with a clear choice.” Barak Obama Miami, Florida May 23, 2008

Visa-free travel To US and Canada (35 countries): Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, S. Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland, United Kingdom   Additionally to Canada (17 countries): Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Botswana, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Mexico, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Poland, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Solomon Islands, Swaziland, Western Samoa; British dependent territories: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn, St. Helena or the Turks and Caicos Islands; Hong Kong

Secure Border Initiative Network (SBInet)

“Virtual Fence”

US-Canadian Border - Farmed

US-Canadian Border Forested

Border Patrol apprehending illegal crossers

While others cross elsewhere

1,349 miles of forested border

Fingerscans at consulates & PoEs

Table 1: FY 2002 Entries into the US (in millions) Air Sea Land Totals US Citizens 33.0 7.4 120.7 161.1 Legal Permanent Residents 4.4 0.2 75.0 79.6 Visa Waiver 13.0 0.3 1.8 15.1 Visa Exempt (Canadians) 52.2 Regular Visa 19.3 4.5 28.3 Mexican Border Crossing Card 104.1 67.9 12.4 358.3 440.4

Table 2: False Claims to Citizenship FY1999 FY2000 FY2001 FY2002 FY2003 FY2004 To US 27,781 31,964 30,129 15,293 12,878 12,404 To other 1,108 787 908 836 269 295

Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 a valid passport or documentary proof of citizenship beginning Jan. 1, 2008 Delayed to June 1, 2009 Jan. 2008: oral declaration of citizenship no longer accepted

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Pakistani and Polish Passports (genuine) Australian and Philippine Passports (fake)

Crossing with fraudulent documents

WHTI requirements: June 1, 2009 passport wallet-sized passport card (PASS) Enhanced Drivers’ License (EDL)

Personal Authentication Device (PAD)

PAD system in action

Alternative: Binational inspections Canadians collect data for US-VISIT Binational zones for preclearance European binational cooperation

Workplace Enforcement   1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Est. unauthorized population 5.9 M 6.1 M 6.5 M 7.0 M 7.8 M 10.3 M 11.1 M 12 M Employer investigations Arrests 17,554 13,914 2,849 953 735 485 445 159 251 716 Indictments 865 1,023 417 178 100 53 162 66 195 441 Convictions 778 535 297 180 78 13 124 46 188 493

Identity Management and Global Mobility (a potential research project) UAlbany Center for Technology in Government Identity document fraud – complex problem Examine administrative reforms: Birth certificate issuance process (US states) Digitization of vital records (US States, Italy) National identity management (UK, Australia) US-VISIT: “biometric data” service provider case studies, best practices NYS agencies

Conclusions “No borders” not politically viable “Virtual borders” constrained by infrastructure “Smart borders” can be improved with border infrastructure and/or binational inspections Hope for N.A. perimeter could reduce support for infrastructure budgets and taxes Political capital not infinite; choices necessary

Further reading and info: “Smart Borders, Virtual Borders or No Borders: Homeland Security Choices for the United States and Canada.” Law and Business Review of the Americas, Vol. 11, (Summer/Fall 2005). Prepared Testimony for “US-VISIT: Challenges and Strategies for Securing the U.S. Border,” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, January 31, 2007. Real Challenges for Virtual Borders: The Implementation of US-VISIT, Migration Policy Institute, June 2005. available at: Rey Koslowski’ webpage http://www.albany.edu/~rk289758/