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Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Core Concept 2-1 Evolution has shaped psychological processes because it favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior.
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Charles Darwin First described theory of evolution Discovered evidence for natural selection
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Darwin’s Theory Never said man evolved from monkey Rather, we share a common ancestor
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Basis of evolution Fittest of species “selected” to survive and reproduce Survival-promoting traits passed to next generation
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Genetics Chromosomes Genes DNA
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Genes and Inheritance Physical traits inherited Intelligence, personality, and some mental disorders are influenced by genetics
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Core Concept 2-2 Both the nervous system and the endocrine system use chemical messengers to communicate with targets throughout the body.
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Nervous System Network of nerve cells in body
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon The Organization of the Nervous System Nervous system Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system (CNS) Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Peripheral Nervous System
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Neurons Nerve Cells Basic unit of the nervous system “Linked” together
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Types of Neurons Sensory neurons-to CNS from senses Motor neurons-to muscles and glands from CNS Interneurons-relay messages
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Structure of a Neuron Dendrites Soma Axon Myelin Sheath Terminal Buttons
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon The Structure of a Neuron
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Neural Impulse Electrical surge that carries the neuron’s message
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Neural Impulse
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Neurotransmitters Chemicals that relay neural message across the synapse
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Seven Important Neurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Serotonin Involved in mood, sleep, appetite, sex Imbalance- depression and anxiety
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Serotonin and Depression SSRI-prevent the “reuptake” of serotonin Prozac-effective antidepressant Side-effects-weight gain, low sex drive
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Brain Areas Affected by SSRIs
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Other SSRI Medications
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon The Endocrine System (the body’s chemical messenger system)
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Endocrine System Glands-secrete hormones into blood Hormones circulate through body Control growth, development, reproduction Maintain internal body functioning and energy
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Core Concept 2-3 The brain is composed of many specialized modules that work together to create mind and behavior.
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Trephining
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Trephining
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Phrenology
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Phineas Gage
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon “Windows” into the Brain Images of brain structures or functioning Allow the study of the brain Also used as medical tests in diagnosis
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon EEG
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon CT Scan
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon MRI
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon PET Scan
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon The Human Brain at Home
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon The Brain Layers Lobes Hemispheres
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Layers of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Hindbrain Brain stem and cerebellum Vital functions- breathing, etc.
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Midbrain Limbic System including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala Emotion, motivation, memory
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Forebrain Cerebrum including cortex Higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, planning, problem-solving
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Cerebrum Top of the brain Covered by cortex “Folds” of tissue Thicker in humans than any animal
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Lobes of Brain
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Occipital Lobe At base of skull Vision
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Temporal Lobe At the temples, above the ears Hearing
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Parietal Lobe At the top of the skull Sensory-motor
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Sensory-Motor Cortex
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Frontal Lobe Just behind the forehead Higher cognitive functions-problem solving, judgment, impulse control
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Hemispheres of Brain
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Contralateral Motor Functioning
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Handedness
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Handedness and Hemisphere Functioning
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Visual Fields
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Specialization of the Cerebral Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Verbal Abilities Analytical and Logical Thinking Part to Whole Thinking Abstract Thinking Nonverbal Abilities Visual-spatial Thinking Whole to Part Thinking Concrete Thinking
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon Brain Damage and Behavior