Chapter 12: Wilson

 Which of the presidents listed in the text in this section do you think Obama (or Bush II) were most like?  Why?  Which of the three “publics” do you think Obama is most adept at persuading?  The DC crowd  The Party people  The “publics”

 Compare/contrast Obama’s job approval/popularity in the above chart with Wilson’s discussion of how presidential popularity has historically progressed. Draw a conclusion as to why you believe his approval has trended in this way.

 How/why does Obama’s veto number differ from previous presidents? Would you expect this number to increase during the second half of his 1 st term? Why or why not? President Regular Vetoes Pocket Vetoes Total Vetoes Vetoes Overridden Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama 2020

Chapter 12: Wilson Assignment #8/9: Tomorrow

 Style  Made up of rhetoric, personal relations, and homework  All presidents have to deal with some level of each of these; how they tackle them determines their presidential style  The balance between the three will vary depending on the president  His “way of acting”  World-view  Primary, politically relevant beliefs, primarily his conceptions of social causality, human nature, and the central moral conflicts of his time  His “way of seeing”  Character  The way a president orients himself toward life; not momentary, but enduringly

 The previous three factors are purely psychology. Political Situation is environmental. It is the particulars of the political environment the president faces.  Does he or she face a friendly or hostile Congress? What about the Supreme Court? Does he or she have the support or opposition of the majority of the public? What is the situation internationally? Is it a time of relative peace and prosperity, or a time of conflict and hardships?  Lincoln and FDR faced a world of strife, but had a lot of support in Congress. Madison and Wilson faced a world of strife, but also opposition in the political system. Eisenhower was blessed with peace and prosperity, public popularity, and a relatively friendly Congress. Clinton likewise served during a time of prosperity, but faced a hostile political system.

 Climate of Expectations describes what is expected of a president. As we have discussed, a lot is expected of all presidents, and those expectations have been increasing over time. However, some presidents certainly face more or less expectations when they entered office.  There are incredible expectations for President Obama, for example. He is expected to save the economy, fix our health care system, and successfully resolve two foreign wars.  By contrast, presidents like Coolidge and George H.W. Bush faced much lower expectations upon taking office. Primarily they were expected to just uphold the status quo of the previous administration.

 Together these five factors are what Barber uses to create his typology:  Active-Positives are presidents that are positively motivated individuals who enjoy their job and seek results.  Active-Negatives are motivated primarily by the goals of getting and keeping power, but receive little emotional benefit from their job.  Passive-Positives seek power as a way to obtain the love and admiration of the others. They are less interested in absolute power or policy ends, but enjoy the job as long as they are popular.  Passive-Negatives seek the office out of civic duty, but are relatively unhappy in doing the job.  Active/Passive – how much you do  Positive/Negative – how much you like what you do

Categorizing Presidents Barber argues that the first four presidents fit nicely into the four categories of the typology… Active-Positives Thomas Jefferson Active-Negatives John Adams James Madison Passive-Positives George Washington Passive-Negatives Presidential Character

Categorizing Presidents Other presidents have fit nicely into these categories as well. Can you categorize other presidents? Do you find that some presidents do not fit into this schema very well? Active-Positives Thomas Jefferson Franklin D. Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt JFK Active-Negatives John Adams LBJ Woodrow Wilson Richard Nixon James Madison Ronald Reagan William H. Taft Passive-Positives George Washington Calvin Coolidge Dwight D. Eisenhower Ulysses S. Grant Passive-Negatives Presidential Character

 65 historians and presidential scholars took part  Rated presidents in 10 categories of leadership, with score from 1 (ineffective) to 10 (effective) used.  Categories Used  Public Persuasion  Moral Authority  Relations with Congress  Performance Within Context of Times  Crisis Leadership  International Relations  Vision/Setting An Agenda  Economic Management  Administrative Skills  Pursued Equal Justice For All

 Rated Intelligence –  Although we did not have intelligence test scores, we did ask our raters how intelligent, inventive, insightful, complex, and wise they perceived the various presidents to be.  Assertiveness,  is the single most important trait to presidential success. Presidents are an assertive group, and on the average score higher than eight of ten typical Americans.  Positive Emotions –  A president's optimism and enthusiasm are important for performance on the job, but also for getting elected.  Activity Level –  Highly energetic chief executives like TR, LBJ, and Carter tend to be rated higher on this scale by historians than more placid characters like Grant, Taft, and Coolidge.  Achievement striving  (having high goals and working towards them in a systematic and focused manner) is an obvious asset and is related to success in most all walks of life apart from the arts.  Low Straightforwardness –  Historians tell us that a president's credibility is essential to the ability to lead. Yet, the tendency and ability to deceive is correlated with historians' ratings of presidential success.  Tender-Mindedness  predicts both presidential success and ethical behavior on the job.  Competence –  High scorers on this scale seek appropriate information when faced with a decision, have good judgment, and are broadly capable.  Low Vulnerability –  Presidents who feel unnerved by stress and unable to cope with problems on their own (score high on Vulnerability) are likely to be given low marks by historians.

President's Name 2009 Final Score Overall Ranking Abraham Lincoln90211 George Washington85423 Franklin D. Roosevelt83732 Theodore Roosevelt78144 Harry S. Truman70855 John F. Kennedy70168 Thomas Jefferson69877 Dwight D. Eisenhower Woodrow Wilson68396 Ronald Reagan

2009 Overall Score 2009 Rank2000 Rank George W. Bush 36236NA Millard Fillmore Warren G. Harding William Henry Harrison Franklin D. Pierce Andrew Johnson James Buchanan

 Historians, journalists, pundits and the public disagree. We all might choose different characteristics, beliefs, or accomplishments, view them through our own biased lens, and then draw our own conclusions.  Which would you choose?