Operations Golden Rules This presentation provides an overview of operations golden rules for aviation. It is intended to enhance the reader's understanding, but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or airline's operational documentation. Should there be any discrepancy between this presentation and an airline’s AFM /(M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.

Introduction This visual guide for commercial aviation pilots presents eight basic “operations golden rules” and seven additional “golden rules” for abnormal and emergency conditions. Together, these golden rules provide guidance for both normal/routine situations and when addressing unexpected events. The material may be used for self-study or as part of a formal training presentation.

What Are Golden Rules? Principles of safe and efficient flying that help prevent: Inadequate situational awareness Incorrect interaction with automation Overreliance on automation Ineffective crew cross-check and mutual backup

Golden Rules Prevent Safety Problems Accident Factor Percentage of Approach and Landing Events Inadequate decision making 74% Omission of action or inappropriate action 72% Inadequate CRM practice (crew coordination, cross-check and backup) 63% Insufficient horizontal or vertical situational awareness 52% Inadequate or insufficient understanding of prevailing conditions 48% Slow or delayed crew action 45% Flight handling difficulties Incorrect or incomplete pilot/controller communication 33% Interaction with automation 20% (Source : Flight Safety Foundation – 1998-1999)

Operations Golden Rules Fly, navigate, communicate and manage — in that order Automated aircraft can be flown like any other aircraft One head up at all times Cross-check the accuracy of the FMS with raw data Know your guidance at all times When things do not go as expected, take over Use the correct level of automation for the task Practice task sharing and backup

Fly Navigate Communicate Manage First priority is to keep the aircraft safely in the air (Fly) Next priority is controlling where the aircraft is going (Navigate) Know where you are at all times Know where you should be Know where the terrain and obstacles are Then, share goals and intentions (Communicate) Finally, Manage Applicable procedures Personnel Aircraft systems

Automated Aircraft Can Be Flown Like Any Other Aircraft Automation is designed to assist pilots with flying tasks No matter how highly automated, the aircraft can be flown with the automation turned off Revert to basic piloting when you do not understand the automation or when the automation malfunctions When automation does not simplify the piloting task, it should be turned off Practice hand flying even in highly automated aircraft

One Head Up at All Times The highly automated cockpit has a tendency to draw the attention of the crew to the displays and controls It is essential to keep one head up and looking outside at all times Maintain discipline PNF should make any needed changes to the FMS PF should cross-check PNF inputs but only after a formal transfer of control

Cross-Check the Accuracy of the FMS With Raw Data The FMS is not infallible When GPS is not available as a primary means of navigation and in an area covered by navaids, cross-check the FMS by: Entering a tuned VOR-DME in the bearing/distance (BRG/DIST TO) field of the appropriate FMS page Comparing the resulting FMS DIST TO reading with the DME distance shown on the RMI (or on the ND, as applicable) Checking the difference between FMS DIST TO and DME distance against the criteria applicable for the flight phase (as defined in SOPs) If the required FMS accuracy criteria are not achieved, revert from FMS lateral navigation to a non-FMS lateral AP/FD mode with reference to navaids raw data

Know Your Guidance at All Times The autopilot control panel and FMS CDU are the prime interfaces for the crew to communicate with aircraft systems Humans often make errors when entering data — check all entries to make sure they are what was intended Self-check Cross-check At all times, both the PF and PNF should be aware of: Modes armed or engaged Guidance targets set Aircraft response in terms of attitude, speed and trajectory Mode transitions or reversions

When Things Do Not Go as Expected, Take Over If a deviation in vertical/lateral flight path or selected targets is discovered and time does not permit safely analyzing and solving the observed behavior, revert without delay from: FMS guidance to non-FMS guidance or from: Non-FMS guidance to hand flying If you maintain situational awareness, you will always be ready to take over.

Use the Correct Level of Automation for the Task Modern aircraft give you control of the automation level Select the appropriate automation level based on: The task to be performed Short-term (tactical) task Long-term (strategic) task The flight phase The time pressure Normal selection or entry (self-paced by the crew) Last-minute changes (dictated by ATC or others) Abnormal and emergency conditions

Practice Task Sharing and Mutual Backup During all phases of operations For normal, abnormal and emergency procedures In an emergency, follow this order: Emergency procedure Normal checklist (as applicable) Abnormal procedure(s) In an abnormal condition, follow this order: Abnormal procedure Resuming abnormal procedure (as applicable)

Golden Rules for Abnormal and Emergency Conditions Understand the prevailing condition before acting Assess risks and time pressures Review and evaluate the available options Match the response to the situation Manage workload Create a shared problem model with other crewmembers Apply recommended procedures and other agreed actions

Understand the Prevailing Condition Before Acting Poor decisions and results often come from working on the wrong problem As permitted by circumstances, take the time to analyze the problem fully before acting If you cannot determine the exact cause of a problem: Act on the problem symptoms Use your airmanship Select those actions that are most likely to correct or stabilize the situation

Assess Risks and Time Pressures Identify those situations that are time critical (e.g., fire or smoke in the cockpit/cabin) Try to make more time by: Delaying actions that are not time critical Requesting clearance from ATC to enter a holding pattern or to receive delaying vectors, or by executing a go-around (as appropriate)

Review and Evaluate the Available Options Select among available alternatives based on all relevant factors and likely contingencies (What could fail next?) Consider: Weather conditions Crew preparedness The type of operation Airport proximity Crew confidence in, and experience with, the preferred option All aspects of the flight until landing and reaching a complete stop Include all flight crewmembers, cabin crew, ATC and company maintenance (as applicable) in the decision making, if possible

Match the Response to the Situation There is often no need to rush a response Few situations demand instantaneous reactions Most require a prompt but not immediate response Some may tolerate a longer delay before acting and give more time for analysis and information gathering It is essential to match your response to both the severity of the situation and the extent to which you are confident in your knowledge of what happened and what it means for the safety of flight.

Fly-Navigate-Communicate-Manage Manage Workload Don’t be your own worst enemy by creating unnecessary workload when an unusual situation arises Avoid unnecessary tasks that add to workload by following the priorities of: Fly-Navigate-Communicate-Manage Adhere to the task sharing defined in the FCOM/AOM for abnormal/emergency conditions to help manage workload and optimize flight crew resources

Create a Shared Problem Model With Other Crewmembers The crew needs to have a common understanding of: Mission objectives Prevailing condition(s) Planned actions Possible contingencies Response to contingencies Creating a shared problem model permits everyone to work with the same reference towards common and well understood objectives

Apply Recommended Procedures and Other Agreed Actions To solve any problem, the actions taken must be executed effectively Before acting, understand what you are about to do, including: The reasons for the action The implications of the action If actions are sequential, the result of each action should be checked before proceeding with the next step If the outcome is not as predicted, reassess the entire situation This is part of the closed-loop nature of maintaining situational awareness Particular care should be taken when an action is irreversible

Learn and practice these golden rules. Summary Golden rules are: Basic principles of flying modern commercial aircraft Part of good airmanship and maintaining situational awareness Available for normal, abnormal and emergency situations Following Golden Rules: Increases safety Improves efficiency Learn and practice these golden rules. Everyone will benefit! Airmanship is a personal attitude to flying, why we do it, how we do it. Airmanship must grow with training, experience, and personal exposure. It is not just about staying alive or not bending the airplane or yourself, it is about walking off the airfield knowing that you have both performed and crafted an activity. You have been totally aware of what you have done and why you enjoyed it, and at that point you owe nothing to anyone. owe nothing to anyone

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